- 學位論文
現地與非現地自然情境之偏好、注意力恢復力及心理生理反應之比較
A Comparison of Field and Non-field Preference, Attention Restoration and Psychophysiological Responses of Natural Settings
摘要
過去許多景觀評估相關領域的研究都證實影片、照片及幻燈片等替代性景觀可以代表真實景觀給人的感受，但過去研究著重在景觀評估方面，並未證實這些替代景觀應用在注意力恢復力及心理生理研究上的合理性。自然景觀對人的效益眾所皆知，台灣地小人稠，都市居住密度高，休閒綠地相對較少，加上現今工商社會工作的繁忙，現代人精神壓力指數攀升，且老人人口的增加及其偏好待在家中的特性都顯示，研究如能證實替代景觀對人具有如同真實景觀的生心理效益將可長期待在人造環境的都市居民，使其應用替代景觀在日常生活中環境中獲得一些如同體驗真實自然般的效益。 本研究以台大生態池的自然景觀環境及台大造園館後院綠地為樣點，分別錄製6分鐘的兩地影片，將受測者分成四組，分別欣賞兩地現地景觀及影片，利用生理回饋(biofeedback)儀器紀錄使用者觀看風景及影片時之心理生理反應，輔以問卷評估方式獲得景觀對使用者之偏好及注意力恢復力效益。 研究結果顯示觀賞者在現地與非現地自然環境中體驗所獲得之生心理效益及環境偏好皆無差異，且不受個人特質所影響。受測者觀賞自然風景約4分鐘可使心跳較為舒緩、約5分鐘可使肌肉放鬆，此結果與Ulrich等人1991年研究相符，其中又以水景對紓緩心跳的效果最顯著。另根據前人研究(Korpela & Hartig, 1996; Korpela, Hartig, Kaiser, & Fuhrer, 2001)受測者的注意力恢復力與景觀偏好相關，本研究也証實景觀偏好與注意力恢復力間具有正向關係。 由以上結果證實替代景觀應用在研究環境偏好、注意力恢復力及心理生理效益量測實驗上的合理性，也證實觀賞替代景觀之注意力恢復力效益及舒緩心跳、肌電值的效益，故景觀效益的應用將不侷限於現地體驗，未來也可應用替代景觀獲得自然效益。
並列摘要
It is widely accepted that the natural environment benefits people. However, increasing populations mean heavy pressure for authentic environments. Moreover, certain groups, such as elderly people, may have limited access to natural environments. Substitution landscapes may be a viable solution. Previous environmental evaluation research has indicated that substitutions for the real environment, such as videos, pictures, and slides, are effective representations; however, such research failed to mention the rationality of such substitute landscapes in regards to attention restoration and psychophysiology. This paper reviews the results of previous studies and reports on a case study that provides further evidence of the validity and effectiveness of videos in representing landscape. Participants judged one example of two types of nature scenes using both the Perceived Restorative Scale and a preference scale; in addition, they completed 6 minutes of psychophysiology measurement. The results indicate no significant differences in the overall evaluations between authentic scenes and videos. Participants who viewed natural scenes demonstrated a significant relaxation in heart rate after 4 minutes and in electromyogram after 5 minutes, concurring with Ulrich et al.’s (1991) results. It resulted in the most significant effect on the natural scenes contain water. It showed the same result as what Korpela & Hartig (1996); Korpela, Hartig, Kaiser, & Fuhrer (2001) gained, indicating a positive relationship between preference and attention restoration. Thus, people can benefit from substitutes to nature, which can be helpful for those with limited opportunities to approach nature.