- 學位論文
當前耕地三七五減租爭議之政經分析
The Political Economy of Current Dispute on The 37.5% Arable Land Rent Reduction
摘要
政府於1949年在台推行三七五訂約作業，當時台灣農業承載一半以上的就業人口、含括40%的國民生產毛額與90%的總出口值；在地主與佃農的社會經濟地位不平等的情形下，透過減租條例規定「地租最高租額」、「災歉免租」、「年收穫標準量的計算」、「佃農的耕地優先購買權」、「終止租約條件限制」、「租佃委員會的組成及爭議處理」，重塑地主與佃農間的利害得失關係；此偏差乃爲保障租佃權與提高佃農繼續務農的意願，有其必要性。 惟自1960年代快速的工業化與都市化發展之後，國家政經資源集中於都市發展的結果，造就耕地空間結構變遷與投機炒作，「耕地地租」、「農業所得」、「國民平均所得」、「耕地變更後地價」在此政經動態變遷下，成長的幅度差異極大；特別是終止租約給予佃農三分之一地價補償，乃爲維繫佃農無法耕作衍生的生計問題，卻形同賦予佃農租賃耕地的財產權，而耕地變更增值成爲業佃雙方累積財富的快速管道，因而加劇彼此的利害衝突。 對於實存的耕地三七五減租運作之下衍生的爭議，政府應透過組織與制度偏差動員，重塑地主與佃農的利害得失關係。本研究提出三點建議：一、政府應刪除憲法第一四三條第四項「扶植自耕農」規定，以契合實存的台灣社經發展需要，並使大法官第五八0號解釋減租條例「合憲」的正當性理由，失所依附。二、終止租約對於佃農之補償，應以足敷維持最低生活需求爲限度；政府應分擔補償佃農之責任，並將其包絡鑲嵌在政府的農民福利與社會救助政策結構裏重新檢討。三、修法訂定減租條例廢止之落日條款，以下一次6年租期屆滿的2014年底爲減租條例廢止之日，原減租耕地之管理與租賃，回歸農業發展條例契約自由機制。
並列摘要
Our government promoted the policy of ’37.5% Arable Land Rent Reduction’ in 1949 when the agriculture of Taiwan was the half of the employment population and was including 40% of the GNP and 90% of the total export value. Under the unequal socioeconomic status between land owners and tenant-peasants, it is necessary to remodel their relationship between gains and losses through the provisions of Rent Reduction Act, ‘the maximum amount of land rent’, ‘rent-free disaster apology’, ‘calculation of the standard annual harvest’, ‘land tenants right of first refusal’, ‘condition limitations to lease termination’, and ‘the composition and dispute resolution of tenancy commission’; the bias is to protect the tenancy right and to increase tenant-peasants’ will of continuing cultivating. However, after high-speed industrialization and urbanization and the national political and economic resource centralizes in cites, the results are the changes in land spatial structure and speculation. Under the changes in political and economic dynamics, the growth rates of ‘land rent’, ‘agricultural income’, ‘per capita income’, and ‘land value after the change of arable land’ are very different. Especially for giving the tenant-peasants one third land value compensation for lease termination, it is to maintain the livelihood of those who cannot continue cultivating, but instead is tantamount to offer the property right of tenant leasing land. In addition, the increase in value of the land change became not only the fast way to gather fortune rapidly but also the conflict aggravation between land owners and tenant-peasants. For the dispute arising under the existing operation of 37.5% Arable Land Rent Reduction, the government should remodel the stakes of land owners and tenant-peasants by organization and system mobilization of bias. There are three suggestions in this research : 1. The government should delete the Paragraph 4 of Article 143 of the Constitution about supporting farmers to correspond to the necessity of existent political and economic development in Taiwan society and to make the legitimacy of the reason of No. 580 of J.Y. Interpretation disappear. 2. The compensation for lease termination to the tenant-peasants should afford their lowest life needs, and the government should share the duty of compensatory to tenant-peasants and review the policies of the farmers’ welfare and the structure of social assistance to contain the compensatory to the tenant-peasants. 3. To legislate the sunset clause for the repeal of 37.5% arable land rent reduction; to set the lease expiration date of the next six years in the end of 2014 as the repeal date of the land reduction act. The Management and lease of the original rent reduction lands should return to the free contract mechanism of the Agricultural Development Act.