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  • 學位論文

全國性減害計畫對台灣注射藥癮族群愛滋疫情的防治成效:全人口研究

Effect of a National Harm Reduction Programme on the HIV Epidemic Among Injecting Drug Users in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study

指導教授 : 陳為堅
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摘要


背景: 大規模實施減害計畫能否有效減緩愛滋病毒在族群中的傳播,目前仍無定論;主要爭議在於:愛滋疫情下降的原因,究竟是源自減害計畫有效減少注射相關危險行為所產生的預防效果?還是疫情傳播使未感染的危險族群逐漸減少而自然導致的結果?在台灣,為控制注射藥癮族群中經由共用針具傳染而爆發的一波新興愛滋感染疫情,政府逐步實施全國性的減害計畫:在1997年起已全面提供免費雞尾酒療法的背景下,於2004年底起對注射藥癮族群擴大進行愛滋篩檢與衛教;之後,分別從2005年11月及2006年2月起於四個縣市試辦清潔針具計畫和鴉片類替代療法,並於2006年7月起全國擴大實施。本研究欲評估台灣注射藥癮族群愛滋疫情的演變,以及減害計畫對控制愛滋病毒傳播的效果。   方法: 我們依據衛福部疾管署的全國愛滋疫情監測通報資料,使用確定性均勻混合模型分析未實施減害前與全面實施減害後的愛滋傳播動力學,獲得疫情在指數變化期的愛滋傳播參數值不偏估計。進一步,以數學模型模擬無減害計畫情境預期產生的新通報愛滋感染個案數,並與實際有減害計畫情境產生的新通報個案數做比較,估計出減害計畫預防了多少在注射藥癮族群中的潛在新愛滋感染個案數。其次,為評估注射相關危險行為,包括共用針具和注射鴉片類藥物,我們依據衛福部的全國藥物濫用監測通報統計資料,估計注射藥癮族群的共用針頭比率和尿液檢體嗎啡篩檢陽性率,分析其變化趨勢及其與減害服務量和新通報愛滋感染個案數的相關性。   結果: 自2004年第四季起對注射藥癮族群擴大進行愛滋篩檢與衛教後,注射藥癮族群中的新通報愛滋感染個案數,於2005年第四季起開始下降,並於2006年7月全國擴大實施清潔針具計畫與鴉片類替代療法後,快速下降,其下降趨勢與疫情隨自然演進而預期產生的變化,有顯著不同(P=0.003)。比較減害前後的疫情指數變化期, 2007年全國達到充分減害規模後,注射藥癮族群中的愛滋病毒傳染速率比實施減害前降低至少67.5%(95%信賴區間40.9–94.1%, P<0.0001)。在每年全國醫療院所通報的注射藥癮個案中,共用針頭的比率從24.2% 顯著下降至8.6%(Ptrend<0.0001, 2003–2010);在每年全國毒品檢測單位通報的尿液檢體中,嗎啡篩檢陽性率也從25.4% 顯著下降至11.1%(Ptrend<0.0001, 2005–2010)。注射藥癮者共用針頭比率和尿液檢體嗎啡篩檢陽性率的下降,分別與清潔針具和鴉片類替代療法服務量的增加有顯著相關(Ps<0.0001);且此二種注射相關危險行為指標的合併下降程度能良好預測翌年在注射藥癮族群中的新通報愛滋感染個案數下降程度(P<0.0001, R2=0.90)。我們估計減害計畫自2004年第四季起開始實施至2011年底止,已預防注射藥癮族群中潛在的13,554–72,787例(69–92%)新通報愛滋感染個案。 結論: 本研究顯示:台灣的全國性減害計畫有效減緩注射藥癮族群中的愛滋病毒傳播速率和注射相關危險行為。這些證據使全面提供注射藥癮者減害服務的政策,具備更強固的實證基礎。

並列摘要


Background: It remains controversial whether a population-level decline in HIV after implementing a harm reduction program is attributed to the successful intervention that reduces risk behaviours rather than to the natural course of the HIV epidemic. To control an injecting-drug-use transmitted (IDUT) HIV outbreak, Taiwan implemented a national harm reduction (HR) programme, in the existing context of free antiretroviral treatment. We aimed to assess evolution of the IDUT-HIV epidemic and the effect of the HR programme in reducing HIV transmission. Methods: We estimated the HIV transmission rate from the national HIV surveillance data, using a deterministic homogeneous mixing model. The number of new IDUT-HIV cases averted was estimated using counterfactual analysis. We assessed injection-related risk behaviours at population level using the national drug-abuse surveillance data. Results: IDU-targeted HIV testing and education activities expanded from quarter four (Q4) 2004. The number of new IDUT-HIV cases started to decrease from Q4 2005. After nationwide implementation of needle-syringe programmes (NSPs) and opioid substitution therapy (OST) from July 2006, the IDUT-HIV epidemic declined rapidly, following a trajectory significantly different from its natural course (p=0.003). The fully scaled-up HR programme cut the HIV transmission rate by at least 67.5% (95% CI 40.9–94.1%, P<0.0001) from pre-HR level. The annual rate of self-reported needle-sharing among the IDU cases reported from all clinical facilities significantly decreased (from 24.2% to 8.6%, Ptrend<0.0001, 2003–2010); so did the morphine-positive rate among the urine screens reported from all testing facilities (from 25.4% to 11.1%, Ptrend<0.0001, 2005–2010). The needle-sharing and morphine-positive rates inversely correlated with the annual NSP and OST service amounts, respectively (Ps<0.0001), and jointly predicted the next year’s number of new IDUT-HIV cases (P<0.0001, R2=0.90). From Q4 2004 through 2011, an estimated 13,554–72,787 (69–92%) new IDUT-HIV cases were averted. Conclusions: The national HR programme markedly reduced the HIV transmission rate and injection-related risk behaviours among IDUs at population level. Our findings strengthen the evidence base for providing universal access to HR services for IDUs.

參考文獻


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