- 學位論文
高憂鬱與高反應性攻擊行為青少年在負面人際情境中的社會認知之探索
Exploring Social Cognition under Negative Social Context in Depressed and Reactively Aggressive Taiwanese Adolescents
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摘要
目的：憂鬱疾患與行為規範障礙症、對立反抗症，在症狀呈現上有很大差異，但兩類症狀在青少年族群中經常同時發生，也會嚴重影響青少年生活中各領域的功能；其中，反應性攻擊行為是較常與憂鬱症狀同時出現的攻擊型態，其伴隨的憤怒情緒也與憂鬱症狀有所關聯。探討此共病機制不僅可釐清共病的可能原因，並可對兩類症狀的單獨病理機制有進一步了解，同時也能對青少年的適應與發展有所幫助。同時，在兩類症狀的發展與持續機制上，人際互動行為皆扮演重要角色，而社會訊息處理歷程則是分析青少年人際互動中認知歷程的合適架構。故，本論文研究探索高憂鬱、高反應性攻擊行為，以及兩者兼具之青少年在人際互動情境中的社會訊息處理歷程，並嘗試提出導致憂鬱症狀與攻擊行為同時出現的可能機制。方法：本論文設計了兩個子研究，研究一以346名七至九年級學生為樣本，建立台灣版兒童青少年憂鬱量表第二版、台灣版兒童控制信念量表，以及台灣版反應性與主動性攻擊行為量表等研究工具的信度與效度。在研究二，研究者自編情境題問卷，包括四個以國中生常見同儕互動事件為題材的負向情境，及相應的題組；以616名七至九年級學生為樣本，利用情境題問卷探索不同憂鬱、攻擊行為程度之青少年在人際互動中社會訊息處理歷程中之特徵。結果：（1）台灣版兒童青少年憂鬱量表第二版、台灣版兒童控制信念量表，以及台灣版反應性與主動性攻擊行為量表皆有適當的心理計量特性，可作為本研究使用的合理測量工具。（2）高憂鬱青少年傾向以較多的社會訊息對情境進行判斷，且自評判斷的確定程度較低；關於社會訊息的偏好，則傾向以來自過去的、涉及自身行為或特性的訊息進行情境判斷。（3）高憂鬱青少年有外在控制信念傾向，易在負向事件中認為互動對象為惡意對待自己，且自己無法控制事件是否發生。（4）高反應性攻擊行為之青少年在解釋情境時，傾向以過去訊息為參照；與高憂鬱青少年相同，其也具有外在控制信念傾向，且易認為他人有敵意，自己無法控制事件的發生與否。（5）高憂鬱且高反應性攻擊行為之青少年，相較於高憂鬱且低攻擊行為者，更傾向將事件發生的責任歸於互動對象。討論：本論文進一步嘗試以憂鬱、攻擊行為的相關認知特徵，以及控制信念、歸因傾向等概念來討論研究之發現；並提出高憂鬱與高攻擊行為於青少年同時發生的可能機制。最後，說明研究結果的可能貢獻、限制與未來研究方向。
並列摘要
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this thesis research was to investigate social information processing patterns of adolescents who present symptoms of depression and/or reactive aggression behaviors. By comparing social information processing patterns between depressed and reactively aggressive adolescents, the probable mechanisms of comorbidity would be suggested. METHOD: In investigating the above issues, two studies were designed. Study 1 validated the Children’s Depression Inventory 2nd Edition_Taiwan Version (CDI 2_TW), Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire_Taiwan Version (RPQ_TW), and Nowicki–Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children_Taiwan Version (NSLCC_TW) with a sample of 346 junior high school students. In Study 2, four vignettes depicting common negative events of adolescents’ daily life and related questions were designed to probe the patterns of encoding and interpreting social cues in 616 junior high school participants. The CDI 2_TW, RPQ_TW, and NSLCC_TW were used to determine the participants’ level of depression, reactive aggression and external locus of control, respectively. RESULTS: First, the CDI 2_TW, RPQ_TW, and NSLCC_TW yielded good psychometric properties with confirmed factor structures as well as satisfactory test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Second, in explaining the negative events, depressed adolescents tended to adopt more social cues than their non-depressed peers, and rated their judgment with lower certainty. To judge the events, they were also more likely to rely on their past experiences and self-referenced social cues rather than other-referenced ones. Depressed adolescents held higher level of belief in external control as well as hostile attributional bias, and tended to believe having no control over the occurrences. Reactively aggressive adolescents, compared to their non-aggressive counterparts, were also more likely to rely on past experiences to judge the events, to hold higher level of belief in external control and hostile attributional bias, and to believe having no control over the occurrences. Yet, they showed no preference for self- or other-referenced social cues, nor did they adopt more or fewer cues explaining the events, compared to their non-aggressive peers. There was a significant interaction effect showing that, compared to depressed but not aggressive ones, those adolescents comorbid with depression and aggression were more likely to attribute the responsibilities of the events to others. DISCUSSION: Based on the findings, the present thesis tries to discuss the psychopathology of comorbid depression and aggression in adolescents with regard to the viewpoints of cognitive bias related to depression and aggression, locus of control, and attributional style. The probable mechanisms will be thus suggested. Possible applications, limitations and future research are also addressed.
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