佛教經典視角的性別哲學研究

Philosophy of Gender Seen from the Buddhist Sutra Perspective

李明書(Ming-Shu Lee)

指導教授 ： 蔡耀明

共同指導教授 ： 高柏園(Po-Yuan Kao)

國立臺灣大學/文學院/哲學研究所/博士(2017年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201701825

摘要

本文從佛教解脫道與菩提道經典入手，建構佛教解脫道與菩提道的世界觀，將性別放在廣大且長遠的生命世界來看待，看進去性別的構成條件，以及在生命歷程中所扮演的角色。接著從解脫道與菩提道的修學方法與導向，探討如何解決因性別而產生的痛苦，以及解消性別爭議。
在研究進路與方法上，有別於常見的以戒律、歷史、女性主義，以及經論文本的陳述與分析，本文將採取哲學的研究進路，重視關鍵概念、重大課題的界說與釐清，檢視各種性別論題與議題的構成基礎與合理依據，對於哲學課題進行提問、論述、反思、批判，而後提出適切的論斷。如此的論斷，不僅止於哲學理論上的意義與價值，並且得以做為實踐上的引導。
本文的架構，由如下的七個章節串聯而成：第一章，「緒論」，交代本文主題、研究背景、研究進路與方法、文獻依據、論述架構、關鍵概念，以及預期研究成果，說明本文的輪廓。第二章，「佛教性別研究之回顧與反思」，將當前的研究成果分成戒律、歷史、女性主義與佛教經論等四個類別，分別說明這些研究成果的價值，以及在這些研究的基礎之上，得以更進一步的方向。第三章，「解脫道與菩提道世界觀的形式與內容」，依據經典，建構解脫道與菩提道的世界觀，看出性別爭議之所以產生的背景，以及性別在佛教的世界觀之中，所扮演的角色。第四章，「以解脫道的修學引導性別爭議的出路」，在解脫道世界觀的背景之下，藉由解脫道修行方法的引導，對治因性別所產生的困苦、煩惱，進而導向較好的生命出路，為性別爭議找出可能的解決方向。第五章，「以菩提道的修學解消性別爭議與開發性別之相關能力」，藉由菩提道的修行方法，以及觀念的打通，看出性別爭議之所以產生的基礎，從根本之處，解消因性別所產生的爭議，並且將性別的內容視為生命體可資以鍛鍊之能力，可運用這樣的能力，幫助同受性別問題所苦的眾生。第六章，「以佛教經典視角檢視LGBTQ的爭議」，以佛教經典的觀念，檢視LGBTQ的爭議，以佛教的洞察與修行為導向，解決或解消因LGBTQ之身分認定、社會觀感所造成的痛苦。第七章，「結論與展望」，收攝本文要點，並思索未來得以持續研究的方向與主題。
本文從佛教經典本身挖掘出關於性別的論述，藉由世界觀與修行道路的打造，全面且動態地帶出佛教對於性別的論斷與主張，如此的見解將可不受時空的限制，得以長遠地受用，凸顯以佛教哲學研究性別課題的特色與價值，進而開展與歷史學、社會學、文化學等其它學門之間的對話空間。

關鍵字

佛教世界觀 ； 生命倫理學 ； 性別 ； 性別哲學 ； 解脫道 ； 菩提道

並列摘要

In this paper I explore the construction of gender and the role it plays over the course of a lifetime from the expansive perspective afforded by the Buddhist world view and the bodhisattva path of liberation. I also apply this perspective to the search for solutions for the suffering and controversies relating to gender issues.
As for methodology, rather than adopting the usual approaches of feminism, history, vinaya studies, or textual criticism, my overall approach is that of philosophy. With an emphasis on defining and elucidating key concepts, I investigate the origins and background of a wide range of gender issues by applying the philosophical approach of inquiry, description, introspection, and evaluation. In addition to discussion on the theoretical level, I also investigate these issues from the perspective of Buddhist practice.
In Chapter 1, the Introduction, I present the subject, research background and methodology, related literature, key concepts, and anticipated results. In Chapter 2, titled “A Review of the Research on Buddhism and Gender,” the recent studies on this topic are divided into such areas as vinaya studies, history, feminism, and textual studies. I summarize the results of each study, including how it relates to my own research. In Chapter 3, titled “The Form and Content of the World View of the Bodhisattva Path,” I explore gender issues in light of related Buddhist scriptures, as well as the role of gender in the Buddhist world view. In Chapter 4, titled “Solving Gender Issues from the Perspective of Buddhist Practice,” I consider how the perspective of Buddhism as a path of spiritual liberation might contribute to the alleviation of the suffering and tribulation related to gender issues. In Chapter 5, titled “The Bodhisattva Path as a Solution to Gender Issues, and Gender Issues as an Approach to the Path,” I examine the origins of gender issues and their possible solutions in light of the bodhisattva path. I also consider how gender issues themselves can be understood in such a way that they become a support to the practice, rather than a hindrance. In Chapter 6, titled “LGBTQ Issues from the Perspective of the Buddhist Scriptures,” I investigate how the Buddhist perspective and practice can help in resolving identity issues in the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) community, as well as the problem of social stigmatization. In Chapter 7, titled “Conclusions and Prospects,” I summarize the results and consider directions for future research.
In this paper I present and interpret various Buddhist scriptures which illustrate the Buddhist views on gender, yet such views are necessarily limited in terms of time and space. To render these scriptural passages more applicable to contemporary society, I use the perspective of Buddhist philosophy to interpret them and highlight their underlying import, thereby creating a space in which the Buddhist understanding of gender can be brought into dialogue with such fields of modern inquiry as history, sociology, and philosophy.

並列關鍵字

Buddhist world view ； bioethics ； sex or gender ； philosophy of gender ； the path of liberation ； the bodhisattva path

參考文獻

釋恆清：《菩提道上的善女人》，臺北：東大圖書股份有限公司，1995年。

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李玉珍：〈佛教譬喻(Avadâna)文學中的男女美色與情慾──追求美麗的宗教意涵〉，《新史學》第10卷第4期，1999年12月，頁31-65；收錄於李玉珍，《佛教文學裡的聖凡男女》，頁29-64。