稻作農家有機農法採用之空間計量分析：農業普查資料之實證研究

稻米產業從過往至今在臺灣農業發展過程中，佔有極為重要之地位，許多農業政策亦是以稻米為目標作物，而隨著環境友善及永續發展觀念興起，近年來臺灣有機農業呈現蓬勃發展，其中又以有機稻米的種植面積在各類作物中佔據首位。因此，本研究以有機農業中之稻作為例，檢視稻作農家採用有機農法的影響因子，並進行有機農法採用強度（adoption intensity）之空間計量分析，以探討臺灣各鄉鎮有機稻作之空間聚集情形，及影響稻作農家投入有機農法耕地占比的重要因素。本研究使用2015年農林漁牧業普查資料，除利用非線性機率模型分析稻作農家採用有機農法的影響因素，並進一步應用全域型及區域型空間自相關之兩種空間聚集分析方法，檢視全臺灣323個鄉鎮在有機稻米種植比例是否呈現空間聚集。此外，本研究亦使用傳統迴歸模型、空間落遲模型及空間誤差模型進行空間迴歸分析，探討影響稻作農家有機農法採用強度之因素，及其空間外溢效果。本研究之結果顯示，經營管理者之教育程度為高中以上及其農牧業工作日數、戶內成員之年齡、教育程度、從事之工作及農場特徵等，皆為稻作農家有機農法採用之重要影響因素。此外，有機稻米的生產有形成空間聚集之情形，尤其是在北北基地區，及部分宜花地區呈現顯著的空間聚集。再就有機農法採用強度而言，結果顯示，主要經營者及戶內15歲以上人口之社會經濟特性對稻作農家之有機農法採用強度會有不同的影響，而從空間落遲模型之結果則可發現，稻作農家戶內15歲以上人口之中高教育程度比例及男性比例，對於其他鄰近地區會產生外溢效果。本研究結果有助於日後制定有機農業相關政策，政策內容可由具有空間聚集之鄉鎮著手，不僅使原本之鄉鎮持續發展有機農業，更能影響其他鄰近地區亦投入有機農業，進而提升實行此政策之效益。

關鍵字

有機農業；農業普查資料；稻作農家；有機農法採用；有機農法採用強度；稻作空間聚集；空間自相關；空間迴歸分析

並列摘要

From the past to the present, the rice industry has always played an extremely important role in the development of Taiwan’s agriculture. Some major agricultural policies also targeted at land use for rice plantation. With the rise of the environmentally friendly and sustainable farming practices, Taiwan’s organic farming has gained popularity in recent years. In all kinds of crops, the planted area of organic rice occupies the first place. Therefore, taking the organic rice as an example, this study examines the influencing factors of rice farm households’ adoption of organic farming. A spatial econometrics analysis of the adoption intensity of organic farming is performed to explore the spatial agglomeration of organic rice farming and to identify the important determining factors of the proportion of farmland devoted to organic farming by the rice farm households. This study uses the data from 2015 Census of Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery and Animal Husbandry. In addition to using the probit model to analyze the influencing factors of rice farm households’ adoption of organic farming, this study applies two spatial agglomeration analysis methods including global and local spatial autocorrelation to examine whether the adoption intensity of organic rice show a spatial agglomeration pattern. In addition, this research also uses traditional regression model, spatial lag model, and spatial error model to explore the determining factors that affect the proportion of farmland devoted to organic farming by the rice farm households and the spatial spill-over effects. The results of the probit analysis show that the household head’s high educational level and the number of working days in agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the age, education level, work of the household members, and the characteristic of the farm are factors influencing the adoption of organic farming. In addition, the production of organic rice show a spatial agglomeration pattern. Significant spatial agglomeration is shown especially in Taipei City, New Taipei City, Keelung City, and part of Yilan County and Hualien County. Moreover, it is found that the socio-economics characteristics of the head of households and the household members over 15 years old have different effects on the intensity of organic farming adopted by the rice farmer. Furthermore, based on the results of the spatial lag model, the proportion of high education and the proportion of male among the members over 15 years old in the rice farm household are found to have spill-over effects on the neighboring areas. The findings in this study have important implications in terms of the design of organic farming policies in the future. The promotion of organic farming practices can start with townships with spatial agglomeration, which not only helps the original township continue to develop organic farming, but also influences other neighboring areas to devote in organic farming, and thereby enhances the effectiveness of policy implementation.

並列關鍵字

organic farming ； agriculture census data ； rice farm households ； organic farming adoption ； organic farming adoption intensity ； rice spatial agglomeration ； spatial autocorrelation ； spatial regression analysis