台灣百年來宗教自由之繼受與實踐

Reception and Practice of Religious Freedom in Taiwan over the Past Century

張恩鴻(En-Hung Chang)

指導教授 ： 王泰升

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2009.02379

摘要

「宗教自由」是西方社會從近代，歷經數個世紀發展出來的權利與憲政概念，相對而言傳統華人或原住民社會並沒有孕育出這樣的法文化或概念。然而，台灣在近代歷史發展的大動盪之下，被捲入世界列強向外殖民的浪潮中，間接地接觸到此一飄洋過海而來的陌生概念，至今已逾一百年有餘。生活在當代台灣社會的人們，現在能夠選擇自己想信仰的宗教，自由參加宗教活動，自由向別人傳教，甚至不信仰任何宗教亦可。上述這些被視為理所當然的事，在過去的歲月中，並不全然能夠實現或受到保障。而社會文化與歷史背景均以西方有所差異的臺灣社會，又是透過什麼樣的「歷史代價」才得以逐步獲得「宗教自由」呢？因此，本篇論文係探究過去這段時間，東方社會的政府，特別是統治過臺灣的日本總督府及源自中國的國民黨政府，為何要引進「宗教自由」；政府對「宗教自由」的認知是什麼；有哪些限制或影響「宗教自由」的法律規範或具體措施；以及政府為何要限制人民的「宗教自由」；人民或宗教團體又是如何回應；曾否主張過「宗教自由」；有什麼積極或消極的行動；有否尋求司法救濟途徑為自己伸張權利；而當時的法學界及媒體的聲音又是什麼；此外，本文基於在地化思考，也將一併討論台灣宗教自由的歷史發展軌跡與西方社會的異同之處；以及西方宗教自由及政教分離能否完全適用於台灣社會；台灣宗教自由史能否作為其他國家或社會的參考；若要確保台灣宗教自由的發展必須落實保障哪些權利；最後並以法律史的角度提出確保台灣宗教自由的發展必須制定哪些規範。

關鍵字

宗教自由 ； 政教分離 ； 宗教法 ； 人權 ； 法律史 ； 臺灣總督府 ； 國民黨政府

並列摘要

As a human right, religious freedom emerged and gradually well-developed as a constitutional concept in modern Western societies. However, it did not play an equivalent role in the Eastern world, such as both the Han and aboriginal ethnic groups in Taiwan. This legal concept was not introduced to the Taiwanese societies until the historical change and the tide of colonization in the past century. Nowadays, Taiwanese people can choose any religion in which they believe, participate in religious activities, do missionary work freely, and even show support for antitheism whereas these actions could not receive fully legal protection before. Clearly, given the cultural and historical differences between Eastern and Western societies, religious freedom in Taiwan had to be obtained in distinct ways.

Therefore, the present study investigated the “historical costs” that the Taiwanese societies paid to earn religious freedom. Specifically, I examined why and how government systems in Taiwan (particularly Taiwan Soutokufu of Japan and Kuomintang Government from China) legislated the concept of religious freedom. Moreover, I reviewed how the government systems defined this concept and regulate its development in Taiwan. I also investigated people’s responses to these governmental regulations, including their advocacy for religious freedom, their active or passive fight for religious freedom, their seeking for judicial relief to protect their human rights, and comments/opinions on these legal actions from professionals and the press.

Additionally, from a localized perspective, I compared the development of religious freedom in Taiwan with that in the Western world. Finally, I pointed out several important implications, such as whether the Westernized system of religious freedom, as well as the separation of church and state, are totally suitable for Taiwanese societies, how the religious freedom experience of Taiwan in the past century can shed light on other cultural settings, which legal protection should be established to ensure religious freedom in Taiwan, and which laws should be legislate to protect the development of religious freedom in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Religious Freedom ； the Separation of Church and State ； Religious Laws ； Human Rights ； Legal History ； Taiwan Soutokufu ； Kuomintang(KMT) Government

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