評估蟲生真菌Isaria javanica防治溫室作物害蟲之潛力

Assessing the potential of entomopathogenic Isaria javanica for management of the greenhouse insect pests

胡馨元(Hsin-Yuan Hu)

指導教授 ： 曾顯雄

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/植物病理與微生物學研究所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2014.02422

摘要

現代農業以有機無毒、建立永續農業生態系為目標，針對害物發展多元整合的管理策略。發展微生物製劑來防治害物是生物防治的選項之一。本研究室之前自滿月圓所採集鱗翅目蟲體所分離之 Isaria javanica Friedrichs & Bally 經初步探討其寄主範圍、酵素活性後，評估其為具有防治潛力之蟲生真菌，故針對溫室小型害蟲繼續進行感染能力、生理特性、劑型的評估。施用107 conidia/ml 於二齡桃蚜 (Myzus persicae Sulzer) 6天後具有 88.13%死亡率，LT50為4天；施用於二齡南黃薊馬 (Thrips palmi Karny) 5天後死亡率為85%；施用於二齡茶蠶8天後死亡率為79.62%。在生理生態測試中，此菌之最適生長產胞溫度為28℃。以9種固態培養基培養14天後，最適生長與產胞之培養基為察氏酵母培養基 (Czapek's yeast autolysate agar, CYA) ，可產生3.29 x 109 conidia/plate。經水活性測試於相對濕度94.9%以上菌落可生長。在各式碳氮源素上，以山梨糖醇之菌落直徑生長最快，以麥芽糖為碳源產胞量最高；而以硝酸鉀為氮素源之生長產胞量最高。 I. javanica 生長產胞不受部分殺蟲劑影響，顯示其可與部分殺蟲劑混合施用以添增防治多樣性。在大量培養部分，於白米的固態培養中可生產2.94 x 1010 conidia/g。將 I. javanica 配置成乳劑後，施用於平均溫30℃溫室中防治桃蚜，殺蟲效果不如預期，死亡率僅22%.。施用兩次水懸劑或乳劑於均溫為25℃溫室之芥藍幼苗植株，8天後桃蚜死亡率為98%，然單獨施用乳劑仍對芥藍幼葉具有藥害。總結， I. javanica 具有廣泛寄主、良好的致病力與產胞能力，且培養簡便，是一株具商業化潛力之菌株。但於30℃以上、相對濕度96.4%以下的環境，不適胞子生長發芽，未達預期施用成效。未來可經由劑型改良、添加抗乾燥劑、防曬劑甚或利用基因工程等方法，來增進 I. javanica 抗環境逆境與防治害蟲的能力。

關鍵字

蟲生真菌 ； 爪哇擬青黴菌 ； 薊馬 ； 蚜蟲 ； 生物防治

並列摘要

Organic nontoxic sustainable agroecosystem is the goal of perspective agriculture management. To fulfill this purpose, integrated pest management (IPM) is compulsory. Previously, Isaria javanica isolated from caterpillar (Lepidoptera), after host range and enzymatic study showed a potential to control small insect pests, particularly in greenhouse. To further test its biocontrol efficacy, experiments on pathogenicity, physiological, characteristics and formulation were conducted. Pathogenicity tests in laboratory, I. javanica led to a mortality 88.15% and medium lethal time (LT50) in four days toward green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer); 85% mortality in 5 day against southern yellow thrips (Thrips palmi Karny); and 79.62% in 8 days toward tea bug (Andraca theae Matsumura). Of the nine cultural media tested, I. javanica grew and sporulated best on Czapek’s yeast autolysate agar (CYA) at 25℃ in the dark, capable of producing 3.29 x 109 conidia/plate. However, I. javanica showed slow growth and lower germination rate under 95.9% RH. In carbon and nitrogen source test of I. javanica, sorbital was the best for colony growth, by contrast, maltose for sporulation. For growth and sporulation, potassium nitrate was better than other nitrogen source. On the other hand, I. javanica was somewhat more tolerant and compatible toward Acetamiprid, Abamectin and Pyriproxyfen insecticides, thus perhaps can be integrated use for pest control. On polish rice alone I. javanica produced 2.94 x 1010 conidia g-1, better than brown rice or amended with rice bran or soybean meal. The emulsified conidia formulation exhibited a 98% mortality rate toward aphids on cabbage in 8 days at 25℃ compared with 22% mortality rate at 30℃ in greenhouse. Overall, I. javanica was characterized with high conidia production capacity and moderate to high virulence toward many notorious greenhouse micro-insect pests, hence posed a high potential for commercialization as mycoinsecticides. However, the low tolerances to stressed environments, such as desiccation, UV-radiation etc., need to be overcome by protectants or via genetic engineering approach.

並列關鍵字

entomopathogenic fungi ； Isaria javanica (= Paecilomyces javanicus) ； aphid ； thrips ； biological control

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