公平交易法限制競爭的域外適用研究

本文以「公平交易法限制競爭的域外適用研究」為題，問題核心在於當台灣身處於國際經貿往來頻繁的現況，面對外國的企業、在國外形成或實施的限制競爭行為，甚至是涉及與國外政府反托拉斯政策衝突時，我國公平會是否有正當基礎能對其進行管制或裁罰？本文首先釐清域外適用相關概念，接者分別進行美國與歐盟反托拉斯法域外適用的介紹與分析，本文搜集經典與較新的法院判決與主管機關決定，嘗試勾勒美國與歐盟實務界於不同時期，對反托拉斯域外適用議題的態度與角色。在經歷以國際禮讓原則修正效果原則的時期後，美國目前即以FTAIA規範作為判斷主軸，其中美國聯邦法院就「直接、實質與合理可預見影響」要件，發展出許多解釋與操作範例；歐盟法院在堅持屬地原則的基礎上，發展出「單一經濟體理論」、「實施地標準」以及「合格效果標準」，然而歐盟執委會與佐審官則傾向以效果原則作為論理基礎。本文並進行美國模式與歐盟模式的分析與比較，最終認為美國模式因操作較為簡便且發展成熟，應值我國參考。關於我國，本文通過對於近年公平會涉及域外適用裁罰案例的分析，歸納出公平會與法院建立管轄權的法源基礎與操作方式。最後建議先明辨「涉外」與「域外」以適用不同的法源、建立「進口商業」傾向直接適用公平交易法的類型化思維，並就「直接、實質與可預見」參考美國聯邦法院經驗進行細緻化操作，同時考量國際禮讓原則。此外也建議參考美國模式，於公平交易法中制定域外適用的法律規範。

關鍵字

公平交易法；限制競爭；域外適用；效果原則；行為實施地；管轄權

並列摘要

Titled “Extraterritorial Application of Restrictive Competition in Fair Trade Act,” this study positions Taiwan in the status quo of pervasive international trade, and investigates how Taiwan’s Fair Trade Commission would impose regulations and sanctions upon encountering foreign corporations, restraints of competition formed or practiced in the foreign countries, and the policy conflicts of foreign government’s antitrust law. To begin with, this study elucidates the notion of extraterritorial application, provided with the introductions and analyses of the United States of America’s and the European Union’s antitrust law’s extraterritorial applications. This study juxtaposes prominent verdicts, recent verdicts, and competent authority’s agreements, with an attempt to outline the United States’ and the European Union’s attitudes and roles toward antitrust law’s extraterritorial applications in various historical periods. After amending the effect doctrine with the international comity doctrine, the United States currently regards FATIA as the regulatory standard. Particularly, the federal judiciary of the United States offers statutory interpretations and adjudications regarding the element that “has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect.” On the other hand, the Court of Justice of the European Union establishes Economic Entity Doctrine, the implementation standards, and the qualified effects standards based on the territorial principle, and yet Commission of the European Communities and Advocate General take the position of the effect doctrine as the interpretation basis. This study compares the United States’ antitrust law’s extraterritorial applications with that of the European Union’s, and considers the former legally well-developed and applicable to Taiwan’s legal scenarios. This study examines Taiwan’s Fair Trade Commission’s recent sanction cases of extraterritorial applications, and concludes that Fair Trade Commission and the court establish the jurisdiction through the source of law and the legal operating system. I propose that concept involving foreign element and cocept involving extraterritoriality should be applied to different sources of law. Besides, once the case is identified as import trade, such case should be applied to Fair Trade Act. Moreover, the element that “has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect” should refer to the federal judiciary of the United States’ reference cases, and the international comity doctrine should also be taken into consideration. Additionally, assessing the current legal system regarding the United States’ antitrust law’s extraterritorial applications may benefit Taiwan’s Fair Trade Act in formulating a sound legal system of extraterritorial application.