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  • 學位論文

量子通道上的安全通訊機制

A Secure Communication Scheme Directly on Quantum Channel

指導教授 : 郭斯彥

摘要


本論文主要是提出一種直接利用量子通道進行安全通訊的機制,以降低傳統上利用QKD System在傳統通道上進行One-Time Pad加密的通訊時,因反覆利用QKD System建立金鑰時所必須花費的時間。首先,利用QKD Protocol的機制產生兩組安全金鑰,一組(稱作S1)用來加密資料,另一組(稱作S2)做為通訊雙方在量子通道上進行通訊時所使用的量測基底。由於雙方所使用的量測基底(S2)相同,因此,可以直接將資料利用雙方事先建立起的金鑰(S1)進行加密,再利用量子通道進行密文的傳輸,而不需要再利用傳統通道來進行量測基底的比對工作,也因此,即使監聽者在量子通道上進行監聽,在不知道通訊雙方所使用的量測基底之情況下,並無法藉由監聽而取得量子通道上所傳遞的正確訊息,即使幸運地猜對了基底,由於所得到的是已經過加密後的密文,所以監聽者也無從判斷所獲得資料的正確性,所以,可以確保通訊時的安全性。但因為在量子通道上傳遞的是加密過的密文,在不使用One-Time Pad的加密機制下,通訊雙方不可以在傳統通道上進行測量結果的比對動作,所以,本論文提出一種額外的編碼機制,在資料加密前加入了額外的錯誤偵測碼,讓接收端可以在解密取得明文時,藉由檢查錯誤偵測碼來判斷是否有監聽者的存在,如果錯誤率在正常的範圍內,即可合理地判斷量子通道上應該沒有受到監聽,則相同的金鑰(S1)與量測基底(S2)便可以反覆的使用,以傳送下一筆資料。雖然此方法實際上並沒有使用One-Time Pad的加密方式,但在確定可以偵測到監聽者的前提下,對監聽者而言,每次進行監聽時,所面對的都是不同的金鑰與量測基底,所以通訊雙方還是等同於使用了One-Time Pad的加密方式,因此可以保證通訊時的安全性。

並列摘要


This paper provides a new quantum communication scheme based on QKD protocol, BB84, to transport data directly on quantum channel, but not on classical channel. On quantum channel, it can be guaranteed that eavesdropper never get correct information. This is a very important difference compared with the traditional method which has to use the one-time pad to encrypt data. In order to transport data directly on quantum channel, Alice and Bob have to share a common set of secrete keys and a common set of measurement bases established by the BB84 protocol. Alice can encrypt the data with common secrete keys and transport it directly on quantum channel according to the common measurement bases. Bob uses the same measurement bases to get the cipher text and decrypt it using the same secrete keys(S1) to get the information which Alice wants to convey. The method to detect the eavesdropper on the quantum channel is based on the error-rate. Therefore, we use a special coding method to correct a one-bit error and detect multi-bit errors. If multi-bit errors happen, we think that there is someone eavesdropping on the quantum channel. In this situation, we need to transport the data again using the new common secrete keys and the common measurement bases. If it is not, Alice transports the next data repeatedly using the same common secrete keys and common measurement bases. This method is simpler and faster than the one-time pad method using BB84 protocol because this method transports data directly on quantum channel, from which the eavesdropper can’t get correct the information of the transported cipher text and eavesdrop without being detected.

參考文獻


[4] Michael A. Nielsen and Isaac L. Chuang, "Quantum Computation and Quantum Information,".
[5] Michael Le Bellac, “ A short Introduction to Quantum Information and Quantum Computation”
[1] Valerio Scarani, Helle Bechmann-Pasquinucci, Nicolas J. Cerf , Miloslav Duˇsek, Norbert L¨utkenhaus and, Momtchil Peev, The Security of Practical Quantum Key Distribution [arXiv:0802.4155v2 quant-ph 19 Sep 2008]
[2] J´anos A. Bergou and Laszlo B. Kish, An absolutely secure QKD scheme with no detection noise, entanglement and classical communication [arXiv: quant-ph/0509097v2 15 Sep 2005]
[3] J.A. Bergou and L.B. Kish, A New Quantum Communicator with Enhanced Security, no Detection Noise, no Entanglement and no Classical Channel, CUNY-TAMU patent disclosure, July 5, 2005.

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