《史記》「當代史意識」之研究

《史記》原名《太史公書》，是司馬遷承續父親司馬談所賦予的重任，以史官身份下的撰作；進而闡發繼《春秋》，欲「究天人之際，通古今之變，成一家之言」的目的。司馬遷身處天人感應盛行的背景，其以人統事、以事牽連為主體的紀傳體通史的格局，業已體現其意在撰史的選擇。當時學術普遍與政事結合，以經世致用為歸趨，司馬遷自不例外。反映在撰史格局，尤重於孔子作《春秋》富微言大義，褒貶當世的精神；而在融攝屈騷發憤著書的思想時，亦汲取風興當世的力量。因之，從記載比重、詳略布局、主題呈現，及於微婉修辭、隱約之筆的運用。俱體現司馬遷不僅具有史學史意識，其關懷更往往以當代史為著眼。根源於此，筆者首先從司馬遷所身處的時代、秉受的家學、遭遇的巨變，乃至於與時代格格不入的矛盾，將撰史背景與目的確立。鎔鑄思想、體例、結構、敘事、書法等面向於闡述脈絡。依歷史建構與闡釋的進路，從所見證的漢武帝朝（見證歷史）、所身處的漢朝（當代史），進而連繫先秦史、秦史，綜合論證《史記》通史體裁之中，所寓託的「當代史意識」。章節制定上，本文特別提揭前人較為忽略的「表」體，強調其作用於五體的意義；行文之際，亦通過對《史記》義例的考求，掘發出司馬遷撰史的書法，亦可目為《史記》文本闡釋的方法，包含「互見」法、「敘議互補」法、「于序事中寓論斷」法。結合文獻評述的成果，量身訂做欲深入研討的議題。最後，從二十五史的接受，縱剖面的脈絡，連繫前此的點、面整理，藉由比較、叩問、追問、反思，與既有文獻、研究、學案的對話，以構成本文的論述。

關鍵字

司馬遷；當代史意識；歷史書寫；十表；成一家之言

並列摘要

Shiji, the original name as The Records of the Historian, was the publication Si Ma Qian undertook this official responsibility handed down by his father and written on behalf of a historiographer. Si Ma Qian, inspired by Chun Qiu, further interpreted the purpose of ‘Studying the relationship between the universe and humanity, looking through the changes taken place from before to now, and the one forms a philosophy of his own.’. Under the prevalent background of interactions between the universe and mankind, the overall historical structure of Shiji, which mainly focused on human beings and incidents themselves as a series of biographies style, represented the inclination of Si Ma Qian’s choices. During the time of combining political affairs writing style and practical statecraft ideology in academia, Si Ma Qian also followed suit. This style reflected on his writing structure, which he emphasized more on the profound truth contained in subtle words and critical spirit as like Confucius had written Chun Qiu. While integrating the idea of determined resolution of writing from Qu Yuan, Si Ma Qian also absorbed the power from folktales and association. From the applications of recording proportion, overall layout, topic presentation, subtle speech, and connotation, Shiji specifically showed the history awareness of historiography, which its awareness paid more attention on contemporary history. Considering the above background, the researcher started from the century when Si Ma Qian was, his clan school, giant misfortune, and the contradiction of times to establish different aspects of his writing background, purpose, idea, style, structure, narration, and calligraphy. According to the processes of historical construction and interpretation, from Han Wu Dynasty (witness history) to whole Western Han Dynasty (contemporary history), the researcher further connected history of early Qin Dynasty with Qin Dynasty, and comprehensively demonstrated ‘contemporary history awareness’ within the general historical style of Shiji. On the arrangement of each chapter, the researcher especially revealed the style of chronology, which was quite neglected before, and stressed on its function in the meaning of five styles. Through the textual analysis of Shiji, the researcher also dug out Si Ma Qian’s writing calligraphy as one of the methods to interpret the text; the rest methodology such as “Hujian”, the skills of “Narrative and Argumentative Complement”, and “Judgement in Sequence”. Then, the researcher combined literature review to be tailor-made for deeper discussion issue. Finally, from the acceptance of Twenty-Five Dynastic Histories, the researcher connected the previous collections with comparison, enquiry, question, reflection, and the dialogues among literature, research, and guidance books to form the statements of this thesis.