由跨尺度景觀結構探討鳥類和蝴蝶多樣性

A Cross-Scale Approach to the Biodiversity of Birds and Butterflies in Landscape Structures

張宜婷(Yi-Ting Chang)

指導教授 ： 張俊彥

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/園藝學研究所/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2008.01561

摘要

在生態學領域中，尺度為相當重要的概念，需要配合不同研究議題及研究對象來選取適當的研究尺度。不同國家或是不同地區皆有其景觀特殊性，而台灣是一個景觀異質度及破碎度相當高的國家，故應配合台灣的環境特性尋求一適合之尺度來探討景觀中的生態現象。
本研究以景觀結構及層級理論為基礎，討論在跨尺度中物種多樣性與景觀結構的關係。研究基地位於苗栗縣三灣鄉，為台灣典型的農村地區，運用eCognotion 4.0、ArcGis 9.2以及Fragstats3.2進行景觀結構量化，分析不同幅度及粒度中景觀結構的空間組成狀態，並以鳥類及蝴蝶作為不同生態地位的代表性物種。研究首先確立鳥類及蝴蝶之核心尺度為何，在此核心尺度中兩物種可以顯著的反應景觀結構的變化，再依循此分析結果，探討不同尺度中之景觀結構與物種的相關性為何以及交互作用的差異。
研究結果發現，於不同核心尺度下鳥類及蝴蝶與景觀結構之間存在顯著的交互作用，且此核心尺度反映了兩物種不同的生態特性：鳥類的核心尺度反映了鳥類生活圈的範圍，包含了防衛性範圍、捕食區域以及食源密度的概念；而蝴蝶的核心尺度則反映了蝴蝶飛行距離的長短，說明了蝴蝶生活需求及遷移的活動中飛行行為的重要性。在本研究基地中，景觀結構以林地及耕地對於物種多樣性的影響最顯著，且林地及耕地的景觀結構特徵對鳥類及蝴蝶會造成不同的影響。
本研究證實於不同尺度下存在不同物種的優勢生態過程，而跨尺度的研究有助於了解景觀中生態系統的完整性，且在實質規劃應用中，更需因應尺度的變化，對於物種棲地環境之營造應有不同的策略與方針。

關鍵字

景觀生態 ； 景觀結構 ； 層級理論尺度鳥類多樣性 ； 蝴蝶多樣性

並列摘要

Scale is a very important concept in the area of ecology science, with different research objectives and subjects to select the appropriate scale. Taiwan is a relatively small country with high landscape heterogeneity and high fragmentation. It is necessary to find a suitable scale to study the ecological phenomena for such a place.
Based on the theory of landscape structure and hierarchy theory, this study discusses the relationship between species diversity and landscape structures in cross-scale. The study site, Miaoli Sanwan township, is situated in a traditional rural landscape of Taiwan. The spatial information is calculated at different extents and grids of scale with eCognotion 4.0, ArcGis 9.2, and Fragstats3.2. In this study, birds and butterflies are taken as representative species of different ecology statuses. First, this study tries to find the core-scale of birds and butterflies that reflect significantly the changes of landscape structures. It is followed by a discussion of the relationship between the biodiversity and landscape structures at different scales, specifically for birds and butterflies.
This finding shows that the core-scale of birds and butterflies are different, and the difference of core-scale reflects the differences in ecological characteristics. The core-scale of birds represents the concept of home range and that of butterflies reflects the flying distance. A home range reflects the life history of a bird: its defensive zone, the eating area, and the food density of the place. The flying distance of butterflies represents their daily needs and their migration to new habitats. The results suggest that to preservation of the woodland and farmland areas requires biodiversity and that the relationships between landscape structures and species are different.
This study suggests that different species have different ecological processes that dominate at different scales. Cross-scale research can contribute to the understanding of the landscape integrity of the ecosystem. And in the landscape planning applications, we need to address different strategies and approaches for habitat construction in response to the changes of scale.

並列關鍵字

Landscape Ecology ； Landscape Structure ； Hierarchy Theory ； Scale ； Bird Diversity ； Butterfly Diversity

參考文獻

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