外國直接投資外溢效果對中國廠商研發行為之影響

過去與外國直接投資(Foreign Direct Investment, FDI)外溢效果相關的文獻，多半研究其對廠商生產力或出口行為之影響，較少論及與研發行為之間的關係。為補充文獻之不足，本文以2001至2007年中國製造業廠商為樣本，討論FDI對中國廠商研發行為之影響。且為避免過去文獻常出現的樣本選擇偏誤之問題，我們選擇Heckman 兩階段迴歸模型做實證。本文發現，FDI帶來的水平、向前或向後外溢效果，整體而言，皆對中國廠商研發行為(研發意願或研發密度)產生正向的影響，驗證了各國普遍認為引進FDI具正面影響之想法。本文進一步依科技程度及鄰近外資程度區分樣本，結果顯示，分科技程度後，FDI顯著提高中國非高科技廠商的研發動機與密度，但其對高科技廠商研發行為反而較無顯著的影響；至於檢驗FDI外溢效果是否具在地性後，本文發現，FDI進入所帶來正向之外溢效果並非全然具“在地性”，FDI附近的中國廠商所受到的正面影響甚至低於非鄰近之廠商，此一結果異於過去文獻，例如Taylor and Taylor (2004)、Lu, Tao and Zhu (2016)等人之結論。

關鍵字

外國直接投資外溢效果；研發意願；研發密度； Heckman兩階段迴歸模型

並列摘要

This study uses Heckman selection model to examine the spillover effects of FDI on the R&D activities of Chinese manufacturing firms for the period 2001-2007. We find that for the sample as a whole, all FDI spillover effects, including forward, backward and horizontal spillovers, do positively affect the R&D activities of Chinese firms. Confirming the proposition of positive spillovers proposed by most policy makers. We further carry out the analysis by using the sub-sample based on the technology intensity of the firm, and find out that FDI spillovers significantly raise the non-high technology firms’ R&D propensity and intensity. We also divide our samples according to whether the Chinese firms locate in the same province with the foreign firms. We show little evidence that the spillovers are “local”, which means that the proposition of FDI positive spillovers to be transferred locally from foreign firms to domestic firms may not be supported