中國校辦企業發展進程：以北京清華大學為例

The Development Process of Chinese University-Run Enterprise: A Case Study of Tsinghua University

吳宣儀(Hsuan-Yi Wu)

指導教授 ： 陳忠仁

國立臺灣大學/管理學院/商學研究所/博士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201800754

摘要

近幾十年，大學裡的授權、專利與新創活動一直很活躍。傳統上，大學的建立是為了教育和研究知識和智慧財產權的創造和分享。近年來，大學第三任務浪潮興起，使得大學涉及在社會經濟發展中的角色與作用引起廣泛的討論與注意。在影響社會和促進地方和區域發展及經濟成長的意義上，大學比以往任何時候都更具創業精神。最引人注目的案例是史丹佛大學和北加州矽谷的UC系統以及麻州波士頓大都會區128號公路附近的麻省理工學院。在亞洲，一個著名的案例是北京中關村的清華大學。本研究旨在了解中國大陸的一流大學如何在其所面臨的制度環境下發展出獨特的技術轉移與商業化系統，以促進創新和創業。透過制度觀點，本研究探討北京清華大學如何發展其技術轉移和商業化體系。在中國，大學透過所謂的校辦企業來進行商業活動的推展。大學所擁有及經營的企業，多半是以開發創建源於大學擁有的知識產權為主所延伸出的商業活動，其使命是將技術產業化應用於市場。在所有的校辦企業中，最著名的是清華控股公司，這是一家由清華大學100％擁有的資產管理公司，在上海證券交易所上市。截至2017年6月底，清華控股總資產約為580億美元，銷售額為75億美元。作為一家資產管理公司，截至2016年底，清華控股持有來自1,432家公司的股權，主要經營資產管理、投資、併購、諮詢和培訓、技術開發、技術推廣、技術服務和高科技企業孵化器等業務。清華大學和清華控股在發展技術創業方面保持著牢固的關係，使得清華大學發展出獨特的創業生態系統。本文提供一個探索性的研究，用於描繪清華大學的創業生態系統，探討清華大學如何透過清華大學科技園、技術轉移研究院、清華大學x-lab建構其創業支援系統。清華大學具有高度的靈活性和與中國共產黨及政府的密切關係，獲得了各種資源來支持其創新和創業，清華大學的校辦企業對中國市場影響很大。然而，清華的行動突破並不僅限於中國，還透過校友網絡擴展到全球。以追趕戰略成為快速追隨者，清華生態系統透過制度創新為其帶來了快速成長。儘管如此，作為追隨者，清華大學在邁向創新驅動社會發展的同時，如何突破成長極限以及如何在華人社會脈絡下找到原創思維是清華大學在下一階段的研發過程必須面對的問題。本研究使用個案研究方法，透過研究北京清華大學，我們希望從理論上探討制度與策略之間的相互作用，觀看制度環境是否在塑造大學發展策略中發揮關鍵作用。我們期望透過了解中國大陸的制度背景，建構對創業型大學的獨特性的理解，並為大學行政管理者和政策制定者提供處理大學在創業生態系統中發揮關鍵作用的意涵。

關鍵字

校辦企業 ； 產學合作 ； 創新 ； 創業 ； 生態系

並列摘要

In China, there is a so-called ‘university-run enterprise’ (URE). The university-run enterprise is the kind of enterprise owned by universities and belonged to the government. The university-run enterprises develop technologies and create business originated from university-owned IP with the mission to industrialize technology results in the market. Amongst all the URE, the most well-known one is Tsinghua Holdings Corp., an asset management company 100%-owned by Tsinghua University listed on Shanghai Stock Exchange. By the end of June 2017, the total assets of Tsinghua Holdings had achieved approximately USD 58 billion with sales of USD 7.5 billion. As an asset management company, by the end of 2016, Tsinghua Holdings hold equities from 1,432 companies involving businesses in asset management, investment, merge and acquisition, consulting and training, technology development, technology promotion, technical services, and high-tech business incubator etc. Tsinghua University and Tsinghua Holdings maintain strong relationship in developing technological entrepreneurship that enables an entrepreneurial ecosystem in China. This paper provides an exploratory study on making a portrait of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of Tsinghua University to depict the strategy and how Tsinghua University builds up the entrepreneurial support system with Tsinghua University Science Park, the Office of Technology Transfer, Tsinghua Holdings, Tsinghua x-lab etc. The study concludes that with high flexibility and strong relationship with CPC and the government, Tsinghua University has received various resources to support its innovation and entrepreneurship. Its UREs are now important enterprises in multiple industries with high impact on domestic market. However, the breakthrough of Tsinghua’s action is not limited in China only, but also expands globally with alumni networks. With catch-up strategy as fast follower, the institutional innovation on organizations in Tsinghua’s ecosystem has brought rapid growth as a whole in its dynamic systems. Following CPC and National Plans, guanxi has played an important role for Tsinghua’s ecosystem becoming a strong system to sustain its businesses and influences around the world. Nevertheless, as a follower, it is still difficult for Tsinghua University to overcome the limit of growth while moving towards an innovation-driven society. As a follower, the meaning of “innovation” in China against the western world is different while considering originality and innovative culture. How to fight against the limit of growth and how to find the original thinking in Chinese way is what Tsinghua University has to face in the next stage of research and development.

並列關鍵字

University-run Enterprise ； Academia-Industry Collaboration ； Innovation ； Entrepreneurship ； Ecosystem

參考文獻

Abreu, M., & Grinevich, V. (2013). The nature of academic entrepreneurship in the UK: Widening the focus on entrepreneurial activities. Research Policy, 42(2), 408-422.

Adams, J. T. (1931). The Epic of America. New Brunswick.

Al Harthy, S. H. M. (2014). The entrepreneurial university and the entrepreneurial environment: organizational analysis and policy considerations (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Manchester).

Albert, S., & Whetten, D. A. (1985). Organizational identity. Research in organizational behavior.

Aldridge, T. T., & Audretsch, D. (2011). The Bayh-Dole act and scientist entrepreneurship. Research policy, 40(8), 1058-1067.