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  • 學位論文

建立篩選泌尿上皮癌化學及放射治療敏感劑之體外實驗平台

Establish a platform to screen chemo-radiosensitizers for urothelial carcinoma

指導教授 : 賴明坤

摘要


研究背景: 由於社會形態變遷及生活習慣的改變,從民國七十一年開始,惡性腫瘤已高居十大死因之首達23年之久。從民國九十年癌症登記資料,膀胱癌發生率的排名於男性為第七位、女性為第十一位;發生個案數男性1290人、女性517人,共計1807人,佔泌尿器官總個案數的54.15%;以組織型態分布,泌尿上皮癌佔膀胱癌的95.5%。罹患膀胱肌肉層侵入性的膀胱癌病患,若影像學上無其他器官的轉移證據時,其標準的治療即是根除性膀胱全切除合併尿液的引流手術,目前一般是截取一段小腸或是大腸來完成迴腸導管(ileal conduit)、新膀胱(neobladder)或是禁尿式尿儲存囊袋(pouch)等,這些治療不可避免的對病患外貌、生活形態及生活品質產生一定程度的影響,因此,臨床上時常見到這類病患逃避積極的治療,尋求其他偏方或是自暴自棄,延誤了最佳的治療時機。不少的腫瘤專家在尋找根除性膀胱全切除及尿液引流手術的替代治療,其中之一即是在積極的經尿道膀胱腫瘤刮除後,給予病患全身性的化學治療,並輔以膀胱及骨盆腔的放射線治療,稱為「併用化學及放射療法」(concurrent chemo-radiation therapy, CCRT)。接受此一治療方法的病人,雖然膀胱獲得了保留,但其長期的存活率與接受根除性膀胱全切除的病患相比較,仍有一段差距,因此,如何在兼顧病患的生活品質之下,進一步提高CCRT治療的存治率,是一項重要的課題。 研究目的: 本研究的主題,即在於尋找可以來提高腫瘤細胞對於化學治療及放射線治療敏感性的製劑,即是chemo-radiosensitizer,由於病患已同時承受化學治療及放射線治療之苦,因此,希望找到的敏感劑能具有給藥方便(最好是口服)、低副作用、低毒性等特性。由於臨床上可能成為sensitizer的物質不少,有些甚至可能在同時使用的情況下才能達到其目的,因此,若仍然維持傳統的單變數生物實驗方式,將使得實驗的次數大為增加,所增加的不僅是時間、人力、物力及財力,往往也讓我們無法觀察到彼此之間的交互作用。因此,我們希望能夠挑戰傳統,引進田口氏(Taguchi)L18直交表的試驗概念,一次即同時討論多項的變異數,包括放射線治療、化學治療以及所要探討的多個可能的化學治療及放射線治療增感劑,分析在各個組合的條件下,那一種組合對於癌細胞的毒殺性最強,並找出最佳的組合條件作為參考。若以傳統的單變數生物實驗方式,假如要探討8個因子的個別影響,必須完成4374次的單一變項實驗,而運用L18直交表,只要混合多項變數在18次的實驗中就可以得到同樣的實驗結果;而且可以藉由S/N(signal-to-noise)比的差異來比較出不同變數間的相對重要性。因此,藉著實驗設計的導入,我們希望建立一個化學及放射治療的體外平台,可以一次用來篩選多項的增感劑。 研究材料與方法: 以台大醫院泌尿部所培養出的膀胱癌細胞株-NTUB1為材料,採用田口氏(Taguchi)method L18 直交表配置實驗組合,並使用3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay分析八個因子在不同水準下影響細胞存活的結果,並以flow-cytometer測試標定propidium iodide之受檢細胞毒殺的機制是necrosis 亦或者是apoptosis;Flow-cytometer技術同時也可顯示受檢細胞所停留的cell cycle。 1. MTT assay 是依賴粒線體中琥珀酸去氫酵素之作用將 MTT之 tetrazolium 轉為藍色之產物 MTT formazan,且 formazan 形成量與細胞數目呈正比,後續利用DMSO有機溶劑溶解出結晶。紫色的溶液使用波長492 nm檢測其吸光值,換算無處理的控制組細胞可以算出處理組細胞的相對活性,擁有快速、經濟和無放射性元素污染等優點。 2. 實驗設計方法採用複因子試驗直交表模式,其中由Taguchi(田口)氏所提倡的L18直交表便是一種拉丁方(Latin square)的變形。Taguchi的直交表可以大量減少實驗次數,快速得到結果是其優點。本研究採用L18直交表的實驗設計法,探討4項可用於泌尿上皮癌的化學藥劑(As2O3、cisplatin、paclitaxel、gemcitabin),3項欲檢測是否可以作為增感劑的代謝調節劑(rofecoxib、curcumin、lycopene),再加上放射線治療(Co-60)等8個因子在不同水準組合之情況下,對於體外泌尿上皮癌細胞株的毒殺效果。根據L18直交表的規定,每一個處理及變數都要在固定的範圍,我們選用50%毒殺劑量為L18表中的最高劑量,而以零劑量為L18表中的最小劑量。 3. 實驗A步驟(radiation-6hr-modulater-18hr-chemotherapy agent): 先給放射治療,6小時後再投予代謝調節劑(rofecoxib、curcumin及lycopene),再經過18小時後投予化學藥劑(As2O3、cisplatin、paclitaxal及gemcitabin); 實驗B步驟(radiation-6hr-chemotherapy agents-18hr-modulater): 另一組的組合則為先給放射治療,6小時後再投予化學藥劑(As2O3、cisplatin、paclitaxol及gemcitabin),再經過18小時後投予代謝調節劑(rofecoxib、curcumin及lycopene)。 結果: 1. 細胞株個別處理的MTT表現: 每一種處理(不論是化學治療藥物、增敏劑或者放射線)對於細胞都有一定程度的毒殺效果。根據單項處理可以得到對於個別處理的50%毒殺效果分別是: rofecoxib:100;curcumin:30;lycopene:20;As2O3:1;cisplatin:2;paclitaxel:0.01;gemcitabin:0.1;radiation:20 2. 田口氏L18表的安排及MTT結果: 實驗A的最佳組合為curcumin,lycopene,paclitaxel及radiation;而實驗B的最佳組合為curcumin,lycopene,As2O3及radiation。而實驗A與實驗B的最佳組合中,其交集為低劑量的curcumin、高劑量的lycopene以及低劑量的radiation。從田口氏L18直交表的回應圖來看,低劑量的curcumin在兩組實驗中皆佔有最重要的地位。 3. 流式細胞儀檢測細胞凋亡; 在和MTT細胞活性測驗同時,相同處理的細胞也同步進行染PI的細胞凋亡測驗。這個目的是要找出哪一種處理最容易造成細胞凋亡,我們發現測驗殘存細胞活性的MTT不見得和細胞凋亡有強烈的相關。例如MTT測試中最有效的curcumin處理只有在方法A(放射線→增感劑→化療藥)造成細胞凋亡是有同樣效果的,但是在方法B(放射線→化療藥→增感劑)則效果完全相反。 依照回應圖來看,在方法A中較容易發生細胞凋亡的處理有curcumin、arsenic、cisplatin、gemcitabine和radiation。而方法B中較容易發生細胞凋亡的處理有rofecoxib、lycopene、arsenic、paclitaxel和gemcitabine。判斷的準則以不同水準產生S/N比的相對跨距大小決定。 結論:我們證明了在人類泌尿上皮癌,接受「併用化學及放射療法」(concurrent chemo-radiation therapy, CCRT)的情況下,加入化學調節劑,可以提高癌細胞的毒殺比例。L18直交表的導入,確實可以減少實驗的次數、人力和所花的經費,並且快速的得到結果。若可以多加驗證而變成常態的細胞毒性篩檢必定可以加速先前需花費龐大又費時的單變數實驗。以MTT assay作為細胞存活的檢測,發現低最劑量的薑黃素在兩組實驗結果中都佔有重要的地位,是一項極有潛力的chemo-radiosensitizer,值得進一步的研究。

並列摘要


Background. Bladder urothelial carcinoma is chemo-sensitive and radio-sensitive. The standard treatment for muscle-invasive and non-metastatic bladder urothelial carcinoma is radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. It severely deteriorate the quality of life. Another choice for these patients is concurrent chemo-radiation therapy (CCRT). However, the long term survival of patients receiving CCRT is still worse than those having radical cystectomy. We intended to search for agents that can make tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy or radiation, i.e. chemo-radiosensitizer. Since numerous combinations will be challenged in this project, we are going to employ an industrial standard Taiguchi’s method in order to solve the best results. We hope the finding in this project can facilitate cancer therapy and also maintain the life quality of the patients. Objectives. The goal of this study is to establish a platform to screen chemo-radiosensitizer for urothelial carcinoma. Because there are more than one agent will be examined in this study, we will introduce the Taiguchi method of analysis in order to check the best combination result. We will also evaluate the usefulness of the Taguchi method for future medical applications. Methods. We used the urothelial carcinoma cell line NTUB1, which was derived from a patient with bladder cancer and established in our laboratory. Four chemotherapy agents (As2O3, cisplatin, paclitaxel, gemcitabin), three modulators as candidates for chemo-radiosensitizer (rofecoxib, curcumin, lycopene) and radiation were checked for their cyto-toxicity effects individually and in combination. And cyto-toxicity effect would be checked by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay. The best combination was determined with the Taiguchi method and using the method could determine the value of the factors that result in the most consistent outcomes by signal-to-noise ratio. When concerning about the sequence may be another factor, we designed two combinations to check the order effect: experiment A (radiation -6hr-modulater-18hr-chemotherapy agent) and experiment B (radiation-6hr-chemotherapy agents-18hr-modulater). Flow cytometry would be used to check the mechanism of cyto-toxicity effect either by necrosis or apoptosis and it could show the cell cycles of these examined cells.。 Results. The most powerful combination of variables in experiment A was curcumin, lycopene, paclitaxel and radiation. And the most powerful combination of variables in experiment B was curcumin, lycopene, As2O3 and radiation. Low-dose curcumin, high-dose lycopene and low-dose radiation all played its role in either experiment A or experimental B. Flow cytometry showed no complete correlation between the results of cyto-toxicity and apoptosis. The more important factors in experiment A causing apoptosis were curcumin, arsenic, cisplatin, gemcitabine and radiation. And the more important factors in experiment B causing apoptosis were rofecoxib, lycopene, arsenic, paclitaxel and gemcitabine. Conclusions. In our study, we have established a platform to screen chemo-radiosensitizers for urothelial carcinoma. We demonstrated the possibility to introduce the Taguchi method of analysis to perform the multiple variables in bio-medical study to accelerate the experiment. Low-dose curcumin has the most import place in two experiment design and it has the strong potential as chemo-radiosensitizer worth further study.

參考文獻


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