由憲法保障工作權論醫師懲戒法制

為探求憲法上對於職業醫生之工作權保障真義，特別是醫師懲戒這塊，本文將自工作權之定義、性質、內涵、限制以及與其他之基本權利關係出發，並且耙梳關於專門職業及技術人員於歷來司法院大法官解釋中大法官們所提出之看法。其後，回至本文研究領域―執業醫師，詳述執業醫生與憲法上工作權之關聯，並就執業醫生所受憲法上工作權保障之程度、範圍提出看法。本文章節共分為六章，第一章緒論部分，主要是提出研究動機及研究目的提出，使研究議題清楚呈現。第二章則是首揭工作權之重要內涵，將指涉工作權之權利保障範圍以及權利保障功能，最後分析出工作權之性質與內涵為何。以及有關司法院大法官歷來對於工作權之性質以及內涵所為之闡釋，包括大法官過往針對工作權之性質所採納之意見，並且針對工作權之內涵所劃設之保障範圍。第三章則是醫師工作權之重要保障範圍，本章詳加討論醫師之工作權指涉範疇，特別是醫學教育與醫師資格之取得、醫師執業執照之更新、醫師執業範圍之限制等事項。而醫師之醫療行為與醫療業務，並包括醫師之專業能力、醫師之醫療行為、醫師之醫療業務等重要醫師執業內容，凡此種種，分析出是否為醫師之工作權之保障範圍。第四章先確定何謂專門職業及技術人員，佐以律師、會計師及藥師等專門職業及技術人員為例，提出司法院大法官對於其等專門職業及技術人員之懲戒所提出之看法，並深入研析司法院大法官針對上揭專門職業及技術人員之懲戒，以及如何拿捏此等專門職業及技術人員之工作權與懲戒作用之平衡。第五章則是由前面數章之內容一路延伸至醫師之懲戒制度與工作權，先探討關於醫師懲戒之定位，其後進入懲戒之主體，就其組織進行探討，接著探討關於懲戒之事由以及懲罰方式，並試著提出釐清醫師懲戒是否造成醫師之工作權過多之限制，同時提出針對醫師懲戒所應採取的審查密度觀點，藉此，分析醫師懲戒制度以及省思，同時，盼能衡平醫師之工作權與醫師懲戒之矛盾。最後第六章結論與建議，則透過回顧前五章加以歸納整合，並提出本文對於醫師懲戒制度之建議，期能藉由本文研究，透過對於醫師懲戒制度之省思，確保醫師之工作權保障，同時，也盼能藉由對於醫師此種專門職業及技術人員適度的規制，來衡平醫師之不法行為與醫師之醫學專業界線。甚至，期望藉由對醫師適度的規制，謀求醫學技術之進步，並以此為開展，盼能舒緩現今臺灣社會中醫病關係之緊張係，提升臺灣病患對於醫生之信賴關係，更重要的是針對醫師之懲戒制度分析、省思以及建議，來促進臺灣醫學界之學術及實務發展。

關鍵字

憲法；工作權；醫師懲戒；大法官；律師

並列摘要

In pursuit of investigating the authentic significance of ensuring the right to work (i.e. employment right protection) for professional/practicing physicians provided by the national constitution, especially the disciplinary measures for them in particular, this study not only attempts to probe the definition, nature, content and limitations of the right to work and its interrelations to other fundamental rights but also presents the perspectives in the Interpretations by Grand Justices of the Judicial Yuan regarding professionals and technologists previously; lastly, as it comes to practicing physicians the study focus, the author not only dilates how a practicing physician associates with the right to work provided by the national constitution but also proposes the perspectives towards the employment right protection provided constitutionally. There are 6 chapters of the study. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation and purposes for clear presentation of the study issue. Chapter 2 discloses not only the vital content of the right to work that firstly shows the scope and capacity of the employment right protection and lastly assays its nature and content but also the Interpretations by Grand Justices of the Judicial Yuan towards its nature and content previously, including the opinions on the former adopted by and the protection scope of the latter set out by Grand Justices. Chapter 3 probes the scope of vital employment right protection for physicians that firstly discusses the categories which their right to work involves, especially the matters governing medical education as well as their obtainment of physician qualification, renewal of practice license and limitations on practice scope, and subsequently analyzes if their vital practicing content including their professional competence, medical conduct and medical practice is subject to the scope of ensuring their right to work. Chapter 4 firstly identifies how professionals and technologists are defined adopting the case study consisting of professionals and technologists like lawyers, accountants and pharmacists, later presents the perspectives on disciplinary measures for them by Grand Justices of the Judicial Yuan, and lastly profoundly studies and assays the actual disciplinary measures for them by Grand Justices of the Judicial Yuan previously and how to balance their right to work and the potency of the disciplinary measures for them. Chapter 5 focuses on the disciplinary system and the right to work for physicians that firstly inquires the positioning of physicians’ disciplinary measures, later investigates the disciplinary body i.e. the organization and the cause and means concerned, and lastly manages to clarify if such disciplinary measures for physicians have exerted too many limitations on their right to work and proposes the intensity of judicial review perspective supposedly to be adopted for physicians’ disciplinary measures, which hopefully can not only analyze and reflect the disciplinary system for physicians but also expect to whittle contradiction between the right to work and the disciplinary measures for physicians at the same time. Chapter 6 presents the conclusions that generalize and integrate Chapters 1-5 and proposes the suggestions concerning the disciplinary system for physicians. Hopefully, not only the employment right protection can be ensured via reflection of the disciplinary system for physicians but also physicians’ misconduct and their medical professionalism can be balanced through adequate regulations governing professionals and technologists like physicians. Furthermore, adequate regulations governing physicians hopefully help advance medical technology and thus mitigate present tension between physicians and patients (current tense doctor-patient relationship) in Taiwan for enhancing local patients’ trust towards practicing physicians in here. What matters more is to promote development academically and practically in Taiwan through the analysis, reflection and suggestions concerning the disciplinary systems for physicians.