- 學位論文
從知識社會學看星命術知識之建構
The Construction of Traditional Chinese Horoscope Astrology--A Study of the Sociology of Knowledge
摘要
這是一本知識社會學的研究論文，試圖透過知識社會學的概念工具來分析中國的星命術知識。「制度」（institution）和「正當化」（legitimation）是Peter Berger與Thomas Luckmann的知識社會學中「客體化知識」（object knowledge）部分的兩個重要概念。而這兩個問題都置放在歷史的脈絡當中來觀察。這是因為「知識社會學」所關懷的，在於社會情境與知識之間的關聯性。換句話說，一種知識必須要有與之相互對應的社會結構──「似真性結構」（plausibility structure）作為表裡，當這種似真性結構有所轉變，知識的內容也會跟著變化。而這一點對於包裹著古傳知識外衣的算命術知識來說特別有意義，這本論文試圖去證明的，正是算命術知識在歷史脈絡中的易變性。因此在這本論文中，社會角色和正當化這兩個部分都區分為古今兩個部分來對照。 本研究的研究架構主要分為兩個部分：第一個部分是星命術知識所反映的社會制度，由星命術當中的社會角色作為觀察的重點；第二個部分是星命術的正當化問題，討論的是星命術知識透過何種方式來建立自身的正當性，使它成為一種可以信服的知識。 本文依據天文史學界對於隋唐時代傳來的印度天文學「七曜術」的研究成果，認為星命術這種以出生年月日時繪製十二宮命盤來推算命運的知識結構是外來文化所傳入。這種外來的知識雛型如何形成本土流行的知識系統（本文稱為古代星命術），則是本研究古今對照中「古」的部分的關懷重點。而另一方面，當代台灣的紫微斗數（是星命術三大支流之一）在1980年以後開始盛行。當代台灣的勞動高度分工、社會角色快速流動、女性地位大幅提升，而「科學主義」以「科學方法」壟斷了知識的正當性，當代台灣的紫微斗數如何面對上述的挑戰，則是本文古今對照中「今」的部分的關懷重點。 透過社會制度與正當化問題的分析，本研究證明了算命術知識是不斷在變化的。新的社會角色如「職業婦女」的增加，「性格」討論的大幅擴張，以及「科學」用語與「科學」邏輯的加入作為新的正當化來源，都見證了算命術知識與時俱移的現象。本文認為，星命術知識（在一定的程度上）植基於人們在日常生活中不斷在經驗著的社會規則之上，而這種規則是人在外化、客體化與內化的社會過程當中所創造出來的。
並列摘要
This is a study of the sociology of knowledge, which intends to analyze the traditional Chinese horoscope astrology with the conception tools of the discipline. Institutionalization and legitimation, two important conceptions in The Social Construction of Reality by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, are both observed under a historical sight as sociology of knowledge is concerned about the relation between the social situation and knowledge. In other words, knowledge needs a correspondent plausibility structure to support it. Contents of the knowledge changes after plausibility structure changes, which is very important for fortunetelling knowledge to be immemorial. In this thesis, I am trying to illustrate that fortunetelling knowledge is changing as time goes by. The research structure has two parts. The first part is the social institution, which can be observed from social roles in the Chinese horoscope astrology. The second part is the legitimation issue, which deals with how the Chinese horoscope astrology legitimizing and convincing social rules to society. According to the historians’ work from astronomy history, the Chinese horoscope astrology is probably imported from India around 5th -10th century. How the outside culture became localized is the main focus in this thesis. Another subject, Zi-Wei-Dou-Shu（紫微斗數）, one of the three branches of Chinese horoscope astrology, is popular in Taiwan since 1980. Now Modern Zi-Wei-Dou-Shu in Taiwan faces a different plausibility structure including complex labor division, fast-flowing social roles, growing women status, and the population of scientism resisting legitimation. How modern Taiwan Zi-Wei-Dou-Shu faces these challenges is another focus in this thesis. By analyzing social institution and legitimation, this study proves fortunetelling knowledge changing all the time. The emergence of new roles such as career women, the expansion of the discussion of personal characteristics, and the citation of “science” as new source of legitimation confirm the proposition. Besides, the study also proves that the Chinese horoscope astrology knowledge is based on the social rules, which people create through the approach of externalization, objectivation, and internalization in everyday life.