景觀環境對於人類所產生的效益,經過去研究可以發現不論在心理或是生理的反應層面,都是以自然環境會帶來較為正向的效果,本研究以景觀生心理學(Landscape Psychophysiology)為基礎,探討景觀對人所產生的心理感受與生理反應之關聯性。心理感受包含景觀偏好、注意力恢復力,而生理反應則以心跳與肌電值為指標。本研究主要目的是要提出直接的證據來驗證景觀偏好與注意力恢復理論,同一學術發展理論架構下兩者間的關聯,並透過生理效益的客觀指標,了解心理與生理效益間的影響,藉以填補學術上的空缺。 過去對於水景之相關研究顯示,含水的自然景觀對人的心理與生理反應上,所產生的效益皆有較顯著的效果,因此,本次研究選定水景作為探討的景觀類型,藉以釐清各變項間的關聯性。受測者以隨機的方式進行取樣與觀看景觀,並利用生理回饋(biofeedback)儀器紀錄使用者觀看照片時之生理反應,輔以問卷評估方式獲得景觀對使用者之偏好及注意力恢復力效益。研究結果顯示,景觀偏好與注意力恢復力呈現良好的正相關,而偏好矩陣因子中的ㄧ致性與神祕性,對於注意力恢復力因子中的延展性、魅力性與相容性呈現顯著的正相關。 景觀偏好與其矩陣因子,對於生理反應(EMG、HR)並不具有相關性,而注意力恢復力與其組成因子,只有在遠離日常生活與前額肌電值(EMG),達到顯著的負相關。顯示當受測者遠離日常生活之感受越強烈時,其前額肌電值(EMG)越低,而受測者也越為放鬆。由於水景的一致性與神秘性,與恢復性因子具有顯著的關係存在,建議進行水景設計時,可以著重在人類對於探索的需求,強化神秘性的營造,增添探索的特性,塑造具能引人入勝的景觀。
People benefit from landscape through opportunities for viewing natural scenery. Previous research has demonstrated that natural environments promote psychological and physiological responses. However, little research has directly elucidated the relationships among preferences, attention restorative theory, and physiological responses. To fill this void, the current research used Landscape Psychophysiology to investigate these relationships in regard to the natural environment, exploring both psychological reactions and physiological responses—including electromyogram (EMG) and heart rate (HR)—to landscape preference and attention restoration. The focus of this research was waterscapes, which are often the most preferred type of environment, providing noticeable well-being in psychological and physiological responses. The study measured the physiological responses of randomly sampled participants using biofeedback instruments while they viewed slides of natural water landscapes; meanwhile, a questionnaire was used to determine participants’ preference and attention restoration responses. The results indicate that 1) landscape preference is positively related to restoration; 2) two predictors of preference matrix—coherence and mystery—are positively related to the extent, fascination, and compatibility mentioned in the attention restoration theory; and 3) landscape preference and the predictors of preference matrix are not related to physiological responses, although the restorative responses indicated lower EMGs. Therefore, designing and planning waterscapes should emphasize the need for exploration as well as enhance the characteristics of mystery to entice visitors and encourage them to enter the environment more deeply.