發展巨觀混合推進模式於高速公路匝道儀控之研究

The Development of Macroscopic Hybrid Model on Freeway Ramp Metering Control

鄒政修(Cheng-Hsiu Tsou)

指導教授 ： 許添本

國立臺灣大學/工學院/土木工程學研究所/碩士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2012.02903

摘要

摘要
高速公路原本建造的目的是要提供相隔較遠的兩地之間快速且便捷的移動能力，不過隨著沿線都市發展後交流道的興建與車輛持有增加，每逢平常日尖峰時段或連續假期即會湧入大量車潮，導致主線長路段壅塞的情況。匝道儀控是高速公路交通管理的方法之一，能透過調節匝道車流量，減緩主線壅塞發生的時間與空間範圍；目前台灣實施的匝道儀控為區域式交通感應儀控(LTR)，僅考慮單一匝道與該匝道主線上游交通狀況來制訂儀控策略。此控制方式無法感應下游車流變化，若該匝道之需求流量過高或位處瓶頸路段，要等到壅塞蔓延到上游，區域式儀控才會調整該匝道的儀控率，因此無法達到即時控制的效果。本研究考慮高速公路整體系統效益，以數學規劃方法來建立最佳化連鎖式匝道儀控模式，並採用偵測器資料來即時求解各控制時段之最適儀控率，期望能改善現況儀控策略不夠全面，反應過慢的問題。研究中並發展巨觀車流混合推進模式，由巨觀車流模式中修改後的格位傳送模式(MCTM)與巨觀節點模式(Node Model)融合而來，能夠拓展兩模式的應用範圍，改善模式車流預測能力。
研究成果主要分為:1.蒐集偵測器資料進行壅塞分析，研擬連鎖儀控範圍，並在校估車流模式所需參數後提出參數輸入與偵測器驗證準則。2.模式驗證採用MAPE作為評估指標，結果顯示本研究發展的車流模式能夠在參數校估後合理地描述車流變化之情形。3.建立最佳化模型求解儀控率，並依照目標式有無加入懲罰值設立兩種方案進行比較分析，結果發現有加入懲罰值的方案在改善主線壅塞之餘也更符合交通控制的原則。4.以實務應用為考量，研擬模式求解架構，並透過模擬路網中偵測器回傳資料即時求解各匝道連鎖儀控率後於路網中實施。5.與現況儀控策略進行模擬績效比較，結果顯示本研究連鎖儀控模式不僅在各績效指標表現都較優良，透過輸出的時空圖更可見連鎖儀控對於主線長路段壅塞的明顯改善。

關鍵字

連鎖匝道儀控 ； 格位傳送模式 ； 節點模式 ； 最佳化控制 ； 車流模擬

並列摘要

ABSTRACT
Urban and interurban freeways had been originally built to provide unlimited mobility to road users. However, the rise of new cities and metropolis need new interchanges to connect the mainline, combined with the on-going dramatic expansion of car-ownership, has inevitably led to the daily appearance of recurrent and non-recurrent freeway congestions of thousands of kilometers in length around the world. Ramp metering is one of the most efficient ways in freeway management systems; it imposes short delays at on-ramps and leads to substantial savings for each individual road user for its function of mitigating congestion area from the angle of time and space along the freeway.
The ramp metering algorithm in Taiwan now is classified as local ramp metering which has a built-in traffic responsive function. The shortcoming of local ramp metering lies in its control strategy: only considering the sole ramp and the nearest upstream mainline as control target. The more stringent control strategy will not be activated until the upstream detector perceives that the congestion had exceeded the predetermined metering threshold. The isolated control characteristics and lack of real-time control ability has made local ramp metering harder and harder to deal with long stretch congestion on modern freeway.
The dissertation aims at developing a coordinated ramp metering control strategy by using mathematical programming method to create optimization model, which is consistent with the traffic responsive logic and uses detector data to solve optimal ramp metering rate at every control time step. The objective is to improve current control strategy from the status of low reaction time and isolated characteristic. The dissertation also concerns the development of hybrid macroscopic freeway traffic model that is computationally efficient and suitable for use in real-time traffic monitoring and control applications. A primary contribution comes from the combination of traffic flow model, modified cell transmission model (MCTM) and macroscopic incremental node model (INM). The two models are welded into one by using the same vehicle propelling logic and the same computation method on flow transmission.
The research achievement includes: 1. Collecting and sorting out detector data to conduct congestion analysis, so as to confirm the coordinated ramp metering scope on mainline. Detector data is also applied to calibrate parameters; it is assigned to cells by complying with a proper considered importing principle. 2. The newly developed hybrid traffic model is proved to have reasonable traffic descriptive ability by complying with a validation principle and MAPE evaluation indicator. 3. Conduct optimization models which differs from their objective functions: with or without penalty term as two scenarios to solve coordinated metering rate separately and analysis the metering results. 4. Consider future practical implementation, a solving architecture is proposed to link academic research and practical applications. 5. VISSIM simulator is used to construct simulation networks and serves as a control strategy operating platform that exports control performance in every trial. The final control performance shows that the coordinated ramp metering control strategy developed in the dissertation can ameliorate main line long stretch congestion, which meets the initial research objective.

並列關鍵字

Coordinated Ramp Metering Control ； Cell Transmission Model ； Node Model ； Optimal Control ； Traffic Simulation

參考文獻

4. 許添本、簡正銓(2001)，「匝道儀控密度穩定法之研發」，運輸計劃季刊，第三十卷，第二期，頁275-302。

9. 張堂賢、莊國欽(2004)，「非線性系統於高快速道路整合匝道儀控之研究」，運輸計劃季刊 ，第三十三卷，第四期，頁673-698。

15. 卓訓榮、傅昱瑄、陳豐榮(2008)，「車流動力學模式」，運輸計劃季刊，第三十七卷，第一期，頁109-138。

20. 林柏辰(2009)，「異常交通狀況下之高速公路基因模糊邏輯速限控制模式」，國立交通大學交通運輸研究所碩士論文。

21. 許珮珊(2009)，「應用格位傳送模式建構高速公路動態起迄矩陣推估演算法」，國立交通大學交通運輸研究所碩士論文。