從經濟社會及文化權利國際公約之用水人權保障談中科四期二林園區開發計畫之爭議

The Human Right-based Analysis of Issues Arising from the Fourth Phase of Central Taiwan Science Park Development Project in Er-lin Township in the Perspective of Human Right to Water

趙祥(Hsiang Chao)

指導教授 ： 周桂田

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2012.02955

摘要

鑒於水資源伴隨氣候變遷所不斷加深的稀確性，以及生活家戶用水品質汙染、合理近用與分配公平性在國際社會與世界各國不斷引發的爭議，聯合國經濟及社會委員會《第十五號一般性意見》強調了「用水人權」及藉以保障其他權利實現之重要性，包括：生存權、健康權及適足生活權等。該意見亦清楚列明了幾項國家與政府在水資源管理上應逐步推行的多項義務，主要含有：尊重、保護及實現用水人權及相關權利之國家義務，用以維護水資源的安全、適足，並對在地之弱勢社群給予非差別待遇。2009年3月，我國則由立法院通過了《政治與公民權利國際公約》及《社會經濟及文化權利國際公約》等兩項重大國際人權公約；做為解釋後者內容之《第十五號一般性意見》，自有我國國內法律之適用效力，且現階段有牴觸公約內容之現行法令及行政措施，相關單位應在期限內完成修訂與更正之工作。2008年8月，國科會選定了彰化二林地區做為中部科學園區擴建之地點且經行政院核准後（名為「中科四期二林園區開發案」），就不斷衍生高科技放流水汙染、工業借調農業用水及環評結論不合法等水資源安全供給、分配正義等問題，並引發當地民眾與社會各方之關注，使得筆者注意到該個案乃攸關用水人權及水資源相關權利保障在我國重大產業開發案之發展現況，而有特加檢討之必要。本研究旨在透過《第十五號一般性意見》內容關於用水人權之概念意涵及國家應具體實現之義務，並藉氣候變遷正義及水資源相關權利概念之延伸，檢視並分析中科四期開發案件在我國民眾水資源事務參與之程序、化學品使用及排放管制及農工業用水分配正當性等問題，並以較為宏觀之人權研究取徑及方式，對於我國關於工業廢水排放管制、各部門用水借調之法令提出相應之檢討意見，以提供我國政府日後在重大開發案件涉及水資源相關權利影響之核准與審查過程當中，所應依循的國際人權態度。筆者亦希望藉由中科四期案件所發現的各項人權爭議及分析結論，試圖找出可能落實此項國際新興人權的國家人權監督機制及整體水資源政策之改善方向。

關鍵字

用水人權 ； 第十五號一般性意見 ； 中科四期 ； 氣候變遷正義 ； 人權研究取徑

並列摘要

Regarding the scarcity of water has being adversely affected by climate change and the water quality for personal and domestic use has drawn the attention of international society and all over the world, U.N. Economic and Social Commission (ECOSOC) pronounced General Comment No.15 in 2002 which explicitly recognizes the human right to water and interprets it to be an independent human right and its relation of other related main human rights which can be attained by the further realization of right to water, including the right to life, the right to health and adequate living. The General Comment also clearly stipulates and specifies the State’s progressive obligations concerning with the management of water resource which are obligations to respect, protect and fulfill, mainly to ensure the safe and adequate water uses and non-discrimination to the disadvantaged communities in a State or area. In March 2009, there were two significant international Covenants in light of human rights passed by Legislative Yuan, namely International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The latter is also explained by the General Comment of ECOSOC with General Comment. Thus, General Comment No. 15 is formally binding in our existing and future domestic law system and other administrative measures. Furthermore, according to the Act to implement the two Covenants, our government should finish the revision and modifying work of the laws and regulations which contradict with these two Human Right Covenants within a certain period. In August 2008, the National Science Council decided the final result of site of the Central Taiwan Science Park Development Project and subsequently the project was approved by Executive Yuan . Later, the so-called Fourth Phase of Central Taiwan Science Park Development Project located in Erlin Township induced many conflicting issues from the water pollution of high-tech industries and procedural justice of environmental impacts analysis procedure to water allocation problems between agricultural and industry sector in Taiwan. Besides, the Development Project have also drawn the attention of influenced local farmers and other social groups, especially with the concerns of environmental groups in Taiwan. And these also make me noted that the case is closely related to the human right to water and other Covenant rights’ local protection and fulfillment under the adverse effects of major industry development and investment project in Taiwan. Actually, the primary purpose of this research here is to identify and analyze the status quo of our citizen’s political participation degree in their rural water resource affairs, the justification and legitimacy of the water allocation and, more importantly, the local realization of human right to water and other related human and social rights. Furthermore, the human right approach adopted in this thesis provides the more macro sight of view to the human right to water issue in Taiwan and moreover the legally and factually binding principles and international human right attitude which can be applied to the major industry exploitation and development project in the future. Finally, the thesis also put efforts on making some of useful and enforceable measures and policy suggestions to successfully resolve the water issues and involving human right problems when the government and bureaus concerned in Taiwan always put the economic development at the first place regardless of other social and cultural effects insofar.

並列關鍵字

human right to water ； the Fourth Phase of Central Taiwan Science Park ； General Comment No.15 ； climate change justice ； human right approach

參考文獻

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