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  • 學位論文

私人貨幣與貨幣政策

Private Money and Monetary Policy

指導教授 : 李怡庭

摘要


近年來,隨著電子支付系統日益成熟,私人貨幣逐漸成為人們日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。以一個學生來說,每天使用悠遊卡搭車上課,在學校使用 icash 到 7-11 消費,到圖書館必須得使用影印卡能影印資料...,這些行為無一不是使用私人貨幣進行交易;更有甚者,在鄰近的香港,上述行為只需要同一張『八達通』卡就可以完成。在可以預見的未來,部份交易需要私人貨幣來完成已是不可避免的趨勢。 在九零年代之前,包括美國聯邦準備理事會在內,全球貨幣主管機關多以控制貨幣數量的方式,作為貨幣政策施行的目標。但隨著金融創新的結果,貨幣供給量容易有劇烈的波動,因此上述貨幣政策不再容易執行。即使政府想要利用 Friedman rule 來提高社會福利,在現今社會看來卻不一定有效。 搜尋模型是研究市場存在交易障礙時重要且實用的工具,本文利用搜尋模型為基礎,將 Lagos and Wright (2005) 及 Telyukova and Wright (2005) 的模型加以延伸,試圖探討當私人貨幣與法定貨幣同時存在社會時,對於社會福利有何影響? 而此時貨幣政策又扮演何種角色? 我們發現當私人貨幣與法定貨幣同時存在社會時,即使政府有完全控制廠商的能力, Friedman rule 也只有在特定條件下才會使得社會福利最大。其次,貨幣政策效果會受到私人貨幣發行的影響,因此實行貨幣政策時應一併考慮私人貨幣的供給速度。最後,我們證明私人貨幣的存在是有益於社會福利的。 此外,本文還有一個重要的經濟含意,我們證明只要社會上有交易障礙存在,不論多麼微小,採取 Friedman rule 就不會達到效率。

並列摘要


We use a search-theoretic model to study the effects of monetary policy on prices, allocation and welfare, in an economy where fiat money and private money have different acceptability as a medium of exchange. For both monies to coexist in equilibrium, private money must have higher rate of return than fiat money, as the former has lower acceptability. It is shown that the effects of monetary policy are influenced by the growth rate of private money. Even if the monetary authority could control the growth rate of private money, Friedman rule does not achieve efficiency unless buyer's bargaining power in the search sector is one. Private money has a welfare-improving role in the sense that the monetary authority can achieve the efficienct allocation when both monies coexist, while it cannot if fiat money is the olny medium of exchange. With some trade friction, no matter how small it is, Friedman rule fails to achieve efficiency in an economy of Walrasian markets.

參考文獻


1. Berentsen, A. , Camera, G. and C.Waller (2006) “Money, Credit and Banking,” Journal of Economic Theory
2. Camera, G. and F.Vesely (2006) “On Market Activity and the Value of Money,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 38: 495-509.
3. Diamond, P.A. (1982) “Aggregate Demand Management in Search Equilibrium,” The Journal of Political Economy, 90: 881-894.
4. Kiyotaki, N. and R.Wright (1989) “On Money as a Medium of Exchange,” The Journal of Political Economy, 97: 927-954.
5. Kiyotaki, N. and R.Wright (1991) “A Contribution to Pure Theory of Money,” Journal of Economic Theory, 53: 215-235.

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