語言、價值與權力—考掘我國大法官解釋中的「健康利益」

Language, Value and Power--Excavate the Health Interest within J. Y. Interpretation of R.O.C

高志陽(Chih-Yang Kao)

指導教授 ： 葛祥林

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2010.03097

摘要

「健康」是什麼？
　　當我們贊同健康係作為重要的公共利益，且得以正當化國家限制人民基本權利的依據時，則我們必須思考「健康」的內容，尤其是其公共性質何在、其範圍與程度為何、定位如何，甚至得進一步考慮健康的基本視角。換言之，我們面臨到的爭議是：「誰」的健康？同時，我們亦得追問，究竟得保障到何種程度的健康？國家除了消極的防範侵害以外，是否尚得積極地介入與促進健康？
　　作為憲法守護者的大法官，進行違憲審查任務時，經常面對公共利益保障與個人基本權利二個基本原則的衝突，故大法官如何處理相關規範所涉及之原則性衝突，如何權衡健康利益與個人基本權利二者，賦予健康利益何種規範性內涵，殊值吾人觀察。
　　然而，在處理法律原則的課題時，不可避免觸及價值層面。社會的各種觀點、看法與主張，以及大法官自身的價值觀，皆影響到決定之作成。另外，在台灣，當今的法學討論常遺忘法律實為人文社會學科的一門，甚至在法學訓練、司法實務以及法治教育上，與社會現實漸行漸遠。但法律的基本構成元素是日常生活必須使用的「語言」，而語言的意義構成則來自於價值的填充，且社會價值的形成，亦可能基於權力的作用，或反過來指引權力的走向。
　　因此，本文嘗試透過語言分析方法，解析我國大法官釋字中「健康」利益所內藏之價值面與權力面的特質，以不同的視角重新解讀該利益，希冀帶來有益的反思與重審規範意涵。

關鍵字

大法官解釋 ； 傅柯 ； 語言分析 ； 符號學 ； 新修辭學 ； 論述場域 ； 法價值論 ； 治理性 ； 生命權力 ； 生命政治

並列摘要

What is “Health” ?
When we agree with the health system as an important public interest, and to justify national restrictions on the basis of people's basic rights, then we must consider the content of "health", in particular, what is its public nature, scope, extent and how to position it, we even have to give further consideration to the basic health perspective. In other words, we are faced with the controversy: "Whose" health? We may also ask, what is the extent to which we protect the health? Apart from preventing negative violations, should the State get involved in actively promoting health?
When the Grand Justice as the guardian of the Constitution engages in the task of constitutional review, he/she often faces the conflict of two basic principles, one being the protection of public interest and another one being the protection of fundamental rights. In this context, it is worth scrutinizing how Grand Justices handle the specific principles involved in the conflict, how they weigh (public) health benefits against fundamental rights of the individual, and what specific normative content they give health benefits.
However, while dealing with issues of legal principles, we inevitably touch upon questions of values. Ideas, views and arguments of the community and the judge's own values all affect the decision. In addition, today's legal discussion often forgets that law actually is an integral part of humanities and social sciences. Throughout Taiwan, legal training, judicial practice, and the education of rule of law perceive and describe law more and more as an entity separate from social reality. But the basic element of law is the "language" we daily have to use. Thereby it becomes obvious that the meaning of language depends upon implementing notions of value into common notions, whilst the formation of social values may either be based on the role of power or direct it conversely.
Therefore, this thesis applies language analysis in order to scrutinize the characteristics that are hidden beneath the "health" interest in the Grand Justices interpretation of the R.O.C Constitution. It engages in an analysis on the value level and the power level in order to re-interpret apparent interests from different perspectives, hoping to achieve an intensive and useful reflection of relevant norm content.

並列關鍵字

Grand Justice Interpretation ； Foucault ； Language Analysis ； Semiotics ； New Rhetoric ； Discourse Field ； Axiology of Law ； Governmentality ； Bio-Power ； Bio-Politics

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