- 學位論文
物體為基注意力：線索有效性與注意力聚焦範圍的影響
Object-based Attention : Effects of Cue Informativeness and Spatial Focus
摘要
注意力的選擇基礎分為空間為基和物體為基兩種。本研究旨在探討線索有效性與注意力聚焦範圍對物體為基注意力的影響。在物體為基注意力的研究中，同物效果被視為最重要的指標。林山源（2003）的結果顯示線索有效性為引發同物效果的必要條件，Goldsmith和Yeari（2003）則指出物體必須位於注意力初始的聚焦範圍之內才能產生同物效果。本研究採用 Egly、Rafal、及Driver（1994）的線索提示典範，檢驗線索有效性與注意力聚焦範圍何者才是引發同物效果的關鍵因素。實驗一控制受試者的注意力聚焦範圍集中在螢幕的中央，並使用有訊息的周邊線索提示目標物可能出現的位置。 結果發現當注意力聚焦在凝視點時，有訊息線索仍能夠引發同物效果，顯示注意力初始的聚焦範圍並非同物效果的必要媒介。實驗二改用中央線索加強注意力聚焦於凝視點的程度，由於中央線索需要較長的時間才能發揮最佳的作用，實驗二同時操弄兩種線索到目標物的時距（SOA, stimulus onset asynchrony），結果依然得到同物效果，再次支持實驗一的結論。實驗二並發現同物效果與SOA的交互作用：同物效果只在SOA較長的情況下展現。實驗三重複實驗一的作法（周邊線索），但操弄兩種SOA，也得到與實驗二一致的交互作用。綜合三個實驗可知，注意力聚焦於中央的情況下，同物效果仍能展現，反駁注意力聚焦範圍必須包含物體方能引發同物效果的觀點。以線索有效性的角度來看，三個實驗中均使用有訊息線索，結果一致地得到同物效果，支持線索有效性能引發同物效果。然而，實驗二和實驗三的結果顯示，同物效果會受到SOA的影響，符合注意力擴散假說的預測，因此本研究支持同物效果是藉由注意力在物體內擴散而產生。
並列摘要
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cue informativeness and spatial focus on object-based attention. The double-rectangle spatial-cueing paradigm of Egly, Rafal, and Driver（1994） was used and the same object effect （SOE, faster RT when the cue and the target are in the same object than when they belong to different objects） was taken as an index of object-based attention. 林山源（2003）found that cue informativeness is necessary for SOE. However, Goldsmith and Yeari （2003） obtained SOE only when the objects were covered by the spatial focus of attention. We used informative cue and made the participants’ attention focus on the center without covering the objects to resolve the discrepancy between the two studies. In experiment 1, SOE was still observed with an informative peripheral cue and with attention focused on fixation. In Experiment 2 a central cue was used to make attention more focused, and two different cue-to-target SOAs （stimulus onset asynchrony） were manipulated. SOE was found only in the long SOA condition. Experiment 3 used the same peripheral cue as in experiment 1 but two SOAs were manipulated as in Experiment 2. The interaction between SOE and SOA was again observed. The SOEs found under focal attention in Experiments 1-3 indicate that the objects being covered by the initial focus of attention is not the premise for object-based selection; the cue informative-ness is the critical factor. The interactions between SOE and SOA observed in Experiments 2 and 3 support the view that attention spreads within the contour of the object.