漢語口語之情緒語言

The Language of Emotion in Mandarin Discourse

蕭季樺(Chi-hua Hsiao)

指導教授 ： 蘇以文

國立臺灣大學/文學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.02644

摘要

情緒是理解認知心智運作的重要窗口，本研究指在探討情緒如何在漢語口語中呈現及概念化。研究結果顯示，情緒藉由數種不同的高頻句式結構呈現，其中有些句構幾乎專為情緒所使用，有些則和其它語意範疇共用，包括結果事件、使動事件、狀態描述。這些情緒句構分別強調了情緒事件的不同原素及階段性。再者，情緒也透過隱喻呈現，利用不同的來源領域概念，例如食物及植物，呈現了漢語的獨特用法。最後，誇飾法的情緒表達不僅與中文句型結構相關，也同使利用了隱喻機制，使說話者達到強調說話效果及意義之目的。

口語中有幾個高頻的情緒句構，分別為Zhixia Construction of Emotion 、DE-yangzi Construction of Emotion、Degree DE Construction of Emotion、Manner DE Construction of Emotion、RANG Construction of Emotion以及 HEN Construction of Emotion。這些句構分別有其句式與意義的聯結。第一個句構，即Zhixia Construction of Emotion，幾乎只應用於情緒表達，其餘句構則是共用於多種不同的語意範疇。這顯示了中文的情緒表達與其它語意範疇，包括結果事件、使動事件、狀態描述等等，共享相同的句式結構。

這些情緒句構聚合於一個認知的情緒事件結構，該結構是一個動態過程，包含了起因、情緒以及反應三部份。這六個常用的情緒句構分別突顯了不同原素及階段，使說話者在描述情緒事件時能夠從這些句構中選擇適當的觀點。此外，這些情緒句構展現了三種形式的力量動態: 開啟新的動作、延續原本的動作、開始休止狀態。由此可見，力量不僅能驅動與情緒相關的行為表現，亦能中止原本的情緒狀態。

情緒表達也借用了隱喻機制。建立在管道譬喻的基礎上，我們發現了幾種不同的隱喻主題: 情緒是食物、情緒是有機體、情緒是狀態。在有機體及狀態這兩種概念中，基層範疇的物體可以進一步做為來源領域。情緒是有機體包含了情緒是植物、情緒是生命體；情緒是狀態則涵蓋了情緒是液體、情緒是地點、情緒是生理反應。其中，我們認為食物、植物及生理反應中的氣這三種概念的使用是受到文化影響，因為他們反映了中文社會對飲食習俗及傳統醫學的注重，這層文化因素深化進而顯現於語言形式中。此外，多樣的來源領域以及情緒事件三階段之間的對應，其關聯為來源領域中與功能相關的成份最常用來表示情緒事件中起因;要素及特質相關的成分則用以表示情緒狀態;功能、要素及特質三種組成皆可以表達反應。

隱喻也與誇飾法緊密聯結。漢語口語中的情緒誇飾主要透過兩個方式呈現，分別為句法結構及隱喻。句法結構包括了三種機制:句式重覆、最高級副詞及中文特有的結果複合動詞。至於隱喻的使用，我們認為隱喻提供了真實世界以及話語之間的想像空間，這是誇飾的基礎之一。誇飾的研究也顯示出說話者傾向選擇能增加說話功效的策略，因此，擴大事實強度類型的誇飾使用頻率超過減弱事實強度類型的誇飾。

關鍵字

情緒, 句構, 事件結構, 隱喻, 誇飾

並列摘要

Emotion has long been an interest for researchers in different fields. In the realm of linguistics, the rise of cognitive linguistics has opened a new page of research on emotion because it is regarded as a rich source to understand cognitive processing and conceptualization. This present study, thus, investigates the language of emotion in Mandarin so as to explicate how emotion is conceptualized in discourse.

We first delve into emotion constructions of pervasive occurrences in Mandarin discourse. Six frequently-occurring constructions are represented, including Zhixia Construction of Emotion, DE-yangzi Construction of Emotion, Degree DE Construction of Emotion, Manner DE Construction of Emotion, RANG Construction of Emotion and HEN Construction of Emotion. These constructions are based on different syntactic devices, stretching from one pole mostly specific to emotion events, to the other pole applicable to a wide variety of semantic fields, such as resultative events, causative events and stative description. Emotion, in other words, can be expressed by syntactic patterns exclusively unique to itself and those shared with other semantic fields.

These emotion constructions converge on a systematic structure, and that allows us to register a prototypical Chinese emotion event structure encompassing three stages in a dynamic sequence: [Cause], [Emotion] and [Reaction]. It is demonstrated each emotion construction has a reason for existence in that it profiles different elements and stages of the emotion event structure. Further, we observe that these constructions altogether exhibit three categories of force dynamic patterns in the physical-metaphorical domain, including onset causing of action, extended causing of action and onset causing of rest.

In addition to constructional devices, emotion is richly expressed via metaphor. With conduit metaphor as bedrock, three different types of metaphors are distinguished, including EMOTION IS FOOD, EMOTION IS ORGANISM and EMOTION IS STATE. Within the domain of ORGANISM and STATE, entities in basic levels are further employed as source domains to conceptualize emotion. For EMOTION IS ORGANISM, it includes EMOTION IS PLANT and EMOTION IS ANIMATE BEING; for EMOTION IS STATE, it includes EMOTION IS FLUID, EMOTION IS LOCATION and PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS FOR EMOTION. Among these, EMOTION IS PLANT, EMOTION IS FOOD and emotion as QI subsumed in PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS FOR EMOTION are particular to Mandarin because these expressions reveal the culture tradition on food and Chinese medicine. Moreover, regarding mapping relations between the various source domains and the target domain of EMOTION, it is shown that while function of a source domain is mostly utilized to code causation of an emotion event, essence and quality are particularly favored for emotional states, and all the three elements— essence, quality and function—are available to be transferred to conceptualize reactions.

For the last issue, hyperbolic emotion expressions, a variety of linguistic manners falling into to two categories are utilized: syntactic devices and metaphorical strategies. The syntactic devices include polysyndeton, extreme case formulations and resultative verb compounds. As for metaphor, we suggest that as a conceptual process of reality rather than reality itself, it is the imaginativeness that makes metaphor a useful resource for hyperbole. In addition, on the face of an overwhelming majority of intensification-type of hyperbole, people are disposed to intensity that can relevantly strengthen forces and effects of emotions.

並列關鍵字

emotion, construction, event structure, metaphor, hyperbole

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