生活於政治暴力之後：臺灣二二八與白色恐怖受難者後代之心理經驗探究

二二八與白色恐怖作為大規模政治暴力的後遺效應，仍是臺灣心理學界較少探究之主題。本研究聚焦於受難家庭之後代，在與「家」和「社會」的關係中，二二八與白色恐怖所帶出的現象，及他們如何於其中生活。回顧文獻可發現，後代成長經驗中的代間創傷與哀傷跡象，可能日常且幽微，並非現行創傷診斷基於特定重大事件的線性因果解釋、及病理化的視框足以回應。當政治受難從社會壓抑迎向公共化，喧嘩與紛爭也可能遮蔽了後代尚未浮現的經驗樣態。綜合以上，本研究採現象學心理學方法（李維倫、賴憶嫺，2009），納入五位不同性別及世代位置的後代，各兩次之深度訪談，期能擱置既存論述，回返後代自身言說與現身情態，並移入與跟隨其視域以理解之。研究結果發現，後代的多重經驗中，存在以下普遍面向：（一）有如「災後地景」的家；（二）受限而難以自由開展的生命；（三）「理解」：將「異己者」轉化為「人」；（四）身為過去與未來的交界，於回望中向前。奠基於上述四個普遍結構，本研究認為，二二八與白色恐怖所帶出的，乃是生命存續相互關連的存有，成了陌生甚至具傷害性的「異己者」，關係隔閡、扭曲與斷裂等現象。後代身在其中，帶著受迫、殘缺或隱匿等感受樣態，也以記憶為媒介，在想像中往返過去與現在、自我與他人之間，理解「災後地景」中種種「異己者」的樣貌，此乃後代不只是心理病理化客體的經驗歷程。本研究認為政治暴力後遺之心理工作，需以一種著重關懷及回應性的「倫理論述」，支持後代作為主體，在與「異己者」的關係中，開展回憶、想像與理解之不同可能。對此心理工作者需能開放地去關照，宏觀的政治演變與人們的情感及生命史，是如何不和諧地交織。

關鍵字

政治暴力；創傷；後代；理解；現象學心理學

並列摘要

The aftermath of 228 Incident and White Terror, the large-scale political violence in Taiwan, is still under-explored by local psychologists. This research focuses on the descendants of victims, and their experiences about 228 and White Terror in their ongoing lives with family and society. Considering that signs of transgenerational trauma and grief often lie subtly in descendants’ daily lives, their experiences may not conform to the common pathological framework of trauma based on shock events and linear causalities. Additionally, as the repressed histories of political violence uncover, memories in descendants’ own words might still be covered by the heated public debates. Therefore, this study adopted the phenomenological psychology approach towards an empathic understanding of descendants, including five descendants of different genders and generational positions in two in-depth interviews each. Four general structures were found in the participant’s diverse experiences: (1) Home like a “post-disaster landscape”; (2) Restricted life difficult to unfold freely; (3) Understanding: from “aliens” to “humans”; (4) Moving forward in retrospect, and become the interface between the past and the future. This study indicates that what 228 and White Terror brought out in the descendants’ lives is breaks and distortions of relationships, in which interdependent beings become strange and even harmful “aliens” to one another. In their imagination emerged from memories as the medium, the descendants move back and forth between past and present, self and others, trying to make sense of those “aliens” in the” post-disaster landscape”. This process is beyond the view in which they’re pathologized objects, although with their feelings of being oppressed, wounded, or hidden. Finally, this study expects the ethics of care and response-ability in facing the aftermath of political violence, which supports the later generations to develop their own routes of remembering, imagination, and understanding. Furthermore, psychologists need to keep open and attentive to the complex interweaving of the shared histories and personal life stories, which is always somehow “political”.