美援與戰後台灣農村的家政推廣（1950-1979）

American Aid and the Promotion of Home Economics in Postwar Rural Taiwan (1950-1979)

莊毓婷(Yu-Ting Chuang)

指導教授 ： 呂紹理

國立臺灣大學/文學院/歷史學研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202104287

摘要

臺灣農業推廣體系在戰後受到美援影響，於1950年代逐漸形成三大部門，分別是農事小組、四健會和家政班。前兩項工作已有研究，唯獨缺少家政班。臺灣有許多家政主題的研究，不過大多集中在學校教育和雜誌方面，很少探討家政知識如何實踐到生活，更遑論它們對臺灣農村婦女的影響。本文研究戰後臺灣家政推廣的建立、運作及工作內容，探討美援如何影響臺灣農村生活，以及家政工作對農村婦女的影響和衝突。本文利用農復會（JCRR）的家政檔案、地方農會檔案、農業推廣雜誌、政府公報、報紙，以及曾經參與家政推廣者的口述歷史和文獻，試圖勾勒臺灣家政推廣發展的過程。1956年地方農會在美援的協助下，將農村婦女組成家政班，並透過家政指導員對婦女進行家政教育，以改善農村生活。研究發現，家政推廣在戰後是美國影響他國人民生活，並試圖建立反共聯盟的方式。不過美援計畫無法單一強勢的進入臺灣，必須與當地政府和行政機構合作，並符合臺灣人民需求才可能實施。臺灣農民基於自身利益的考量，對家政計畫有主動參與或拒絕的現象。此外，本文也從家庭改善、家庭計畫與農村副業三項家政工作，具體討論家政對婦女的影響。結果指出，家政推廣對農村生活改善有不少貢獻，也為失學的農村婦女提供學習新知、培養一技之長，以及發展女性群體網絡的機會。不過，家政推廣的內容過於強調女性在家庭管理的責任，忽略臺灣農家婦女在農業上的經濟生產角色。

關鍵字

家政推廣 ； 農業推廣 ； 農村生活 ； 農復會 ； 農村婦女 ； 家政

並列摘要

After the end of World War II, Taiwan’s attempt to improve its agricultural system was influenced by aid from the US. In the 1950s, three major departments were gradually formed, namely, the agricultural team, the health club, and the home economics class. The first two organizations have been studied thoroughly, the only one that has not been studied is the home economics class. There is a lot of research on the topic of home economics in Taiwan, but most focus on school education and magazines. They rarely discuss how knowledge about home economics was put into practice in daily life, let alone their impact on rural women in Taiwan. This thesis studies the establishment, operation, and work content of the promotion of home economics in Taiwan after the end of World War II, and explores how US aid affected rural life in Taiwan, as well as the impact and conflicts of home economics class on rural women. This article uses the home economics archives of the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR), local agricultural association archives, agricultural extension magazines, government bulletins, newspapers, and oral history and documents from those who have participated in the promotion of home economics, to try to and outline the development of Taiwan's home economics classes. In 1956, with the assistance of US aid, the local agricultural association organized rural women into home economic classes and provided home economics education to women through home economics instructors to improve rural life. This thesis has found that the promotion of home economics was a way for the US to influence the lives of people in other countries after the war and to try and establish an anti-communist alliance. However, the US aid plan did not enter Taiwan in a single, dominant way. It was implemented in cooperation with the local government and administrative agencies and meet the needs of the Taiwanese people. Based on the consideration of their own interests, farmers in Taiwan actively participated in or rejected the plan for the promotion of home economics. In addition, this article also specifically discusses the impact of home economics on women from three aspects of home economics work: home improvement, family planning, and villagers’ side businesses. The result of my research points out that the promotion of home economics contributed to the improvement of rural life. It also provided opportunities for rural women who were unable to go to school to acquire new knowledge, cultivate skills, and develop a network of females. However, the content of home economics classes often overemphasized the responsibility of women in household management, thereby ignoring the economic production role of Taiwanese rural women in agriculture.

並列關鍵字

promotion of home economics ； promotion of agricultural ； rural life ； JCRR ； rural women ； home economics

參考文獻

一、檔案

〈Agricultural Home Economics Extension Work in Hsien Townships〉（1958-1971），《行政院農業委員會》（臺北：國史館藏），入藏登入號：034000015179A。

〈Agricultural Home Economics Work for Boys Girls〉（1965年），《行政院農業委員會》（臺北：國史館藏），入藏登入號：034000005010A。

〈Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics with Aborigines〉，《行政院農業委員會》（臺北：國史館藏），入藏登錄號：034000014516A。

〈Equipment and Supplies for Extension Work in Agricultural and Home Economics〉（1959-1962），《行政院農業委員會》（臺北：國史館藏），入藏登入號：034000015216A。