法官終身職與退休制度之研究

Research of Judges Lifetime Employment and Retirement System

徐文彬(Wen-Pin Hsu)

指導教授 ： 朱武獻

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2009.02960

摘要

我國法官係屬永業制公務人員，法官待遇優於其他同官等職等俸級之公務人員，且服務到達一定年齡可選擇優遇，繼續支領現職人員之薪資所得，如選擇自願退休，尚可加發退休金一點四倍之退養金，但卻不適用命令退休制度，相較於一般公務人員退休制度包括自願退休與命令退休兩種，顯然現行法官保障事項制度之設計，有檢討之空間。
本研究目的有二，其一、綜析外國法官任用、退休制度，檢視我國現行法官法制層面及實務運作問題，並對法官法草案相關條文進行解析，供主管機關或立法機關參考。其二、提出現行法官終身職、優遇制度、退養金制度之改革建議，並試圖建構屆齡退休、命令退休制度，俾健全人事制度，共創政府、人民與法官間三贏之賽局。至於研究問題則有三，其一、探討法官不適用命令退休之妥當性。其二、解析法官終身職、屆齡退休、命令退休之合憲性。其三、探究法官優遇制度、退養金制度之發展趨勢。本研究途徑採制度研究途徑、歷史研究途徑及法規研究途徑。本研究方法採文獻分析法、比較研究法。本研究結果發現有四，終身職仍得屆齡退休及命令退休、優遇制度功能日漸式微、退養金制度實質形同具文、退休相關給與制度未盡合理。
本論文主要結構分為緒論、本論及結論三大部分，共七章，除緒論、結論各一章外，本論部分計有四章，包括第一章為緒論，重心在於「提出問題」；包括研究動機、研究目的、研究問題、文獻回顧、研究途徑、研究方法、研究架構、研究流程、研究範圍、研究限制及論文結構重點說明。第二章則為基本理論制度與概念界定，重點包括司法獨立與法官保障、法官終身職、退休理論制度、公平理論、平等原則，探討相關理論及制度。第三章是介紹相關國家法官退休制度，探討美國、德國及日本等三個國家法官退休制度，俾作為我國之借鏡。第四章探討我國法官退休法制與實務，探討重點包括自願退休制度、優遇制度之沿革與發展、退養金制度之沿革與發展，亦即對現行法制層面與實務運作加以析論。第五章分析現階段法官退休法制之改革，探討重點包括美、德、日與我國制度之比較、法官法草案退休相關規定概述、法官法草案退休相關問題檢討分析，從我果與他國制度比較，再對應未來制度改革趨勢作檢視，第六章係結論，為論文最後一章，主要在於「解決問題」，重點包括主要研究發現、研究建議，亦即歸納出本研究心得，提出興革意見。
關鍵詞：法官、終身職、退休制度、退養金制度、優遇制度

關鍵字

法官 ； 終身職 ； 退休制度 ； 退養金制度 ； 優遇制度

並列摘要

The judges in Taiwan serve as permanent civil servants and their treatment are better than other civil servants with the same grade level. When they reach a certain age at the position, they could choose to receive preferential treatment with the same payment as existing staff, or to retire voluntarily with a retirement pension of 1.4 times than normal; however, this does not apply to present mandatory retirement system. As for general civil servants, there are two kinds of retirement systems- voluntary retirement system and mandatory retirement system. Apparently, there is a review space for the current system regarding to the guaranteed affairs for the judges.
This study is composed for two purposes. The first purpose aims to have a comprehensive analysis of the appointment and retirement system of judges in foreign countries in order to review the rules and practical issues of the judges in Taiwan, and to analyze the related regulations of the draft Law of Judges for reference to the authority or the legislator. The other purpose aims to provide reform proposals on the lifetime employment, preferential treatment and pension systems for the judges, in order to create a sound personnel system with regard to the retirement age and the mandatory retirement condition and to keep a balance between government, people and judges. There are three research questions provided in the study; firstly, whether it is appropriate for judges to not being applied for the mandatory retirement system; secondly, whether the lifetime employment, retirement age and the mandatory retirement conditions of judges are not against the constitution; and thirdly, the trend of preferential treatment system and the pension system of judges. The research approaches adopted in the study includes examination approach, historical approach and regulatory approach; the research methods include literature analysis and comparative research. The results of the study show that the lifetime employment of judges should meet a certain age of retirement or mandatory retirement, the function of preferential treatment for judges is declining, the practice of pension system of the judges does not apply to the regulation and the retirement related system is not being reasonable.
The study is conducted into introduction, discussion and conclusion and is consisted of sixth chapters, one in the introduction, one in the conclusion and four in the discussion. The first chapter includes an introduction with motivation, aims and purposes, research questions, literature review, research method, research structure, research process, scope of the study, research limitations and highlights. The second chapter is about the basic theory of system and the definition of concepts, including the relationship between independent judiciary and the guaranteed affairs for the judges, the lifetime employment of judges, the system of retirement theory, impartial theory, principles of equality, and the discussion of related theories and systems. The third chapter is an introduction of relevant judges’ retirement system (JRS) in America, Germany and Japan, to serve as a reference to Taiwan. In chapter four, a discussion of the JRS and the practice in Taiwan will be made, with the focus on the voluntary retirement system, the change and development of preferential treatment system and of pension system; that is, to have an analysis on the current rules and practice. In chapter five, there is an analysis on the current reform of judges’ retirement law; the highlights includes the comparison of the system in Taiwan, America, Germany and Japan, the related regulations on the draft law of RJS, and the analysis on the related issues of RJS. From the comparison, a closer review on the future reform trend could be made. In the sixth chapters , also the last chapter, a conclusion will be made for problem solutions, with the focus on research findings and suggestions to sum up the discovery of the research and to provide opinions on the reform.
Key words: Judges, Lifetime Employment, Retirement System, Pension Systems , Preferential Treatment System

並列關鍵字

Judges ； Lifetime Employment ； Retirement System ； Pension Systems ； Preferential Treatment System

參考文獻

李元簇，1992，〈為提振司法功能而努力〉，《法令月刊》，台北：法務部，第43卷第2期。

陶渝生，1989，〈簡介歐美各國司法官之任用〉，《法令月刊》，第40卷第3期。

謝政道，2007，《中華民國修憲史》，台北：揚智。

民間司法改革基會網站：http://www.jrf.org.tw/

林紀東，1993，《中華民國憲法逐條釋義（三）》，台北：三民。