個體語言與空間知識於超音波生物反饋訓練之成效：不同母音維度的探討

The influence of individual's linguistic and spatial knowledge on the training effect of ultrasound biofeedback – An examination on different vowel dimensions

賴景泓(Ching-Hung Lai)

指導教授 ： 邱振豪

國立臺灣大學/文學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202201855

摘要

超音波生物反饋（ultrasound biofeedback）在語言治療和第二語言發音教學方面被視為一種有效的訓練方法，但過去的研究顯示，個體的訓練成效差異頗大。近期研究提供了數個影響訓練成效的可能因素，例如個人的語言能力和訓練目標的差異。然而，母音差異對訓練成效的影響，以及個體能力與訓練目標差異之間的關聯仍有待釐清。本文旨在探討不同母音維度（vowel dimension）的訓練成效，以及個體能力與不同維度訓練成效之間的關係。28位台灣華語母語者接受20分鐘長的超音波生物反饋訓練，訓練標的為粵語/ɐ/與日語/ɯ/。粵語/ɐ/與日語/ɯ/之所以被選為訓練標的是因為此二母音分別和其最接近的華語母音在母音高低（vowel height）與母音前後（vowel frontness）兩個維度有區別，因此這兩個母音的訓練有助於釐清不同母音維度的訓練成效。至於個體能力方面，本研究評估了四個先行研究提出的預測因子：語音覺識（phonetic awareness）、音韻覺識 （phonological awareness）、體感覺敏銳度（somatosensory acuity）、語言產出變異性（production variability），以及一個新提出的預測因子：空間推理（spatial reasoning）。研究結果顯示，母音高低與前後的訓練效果確實存在顯著差異。其中，母音高低的訓練成效較佳。有關個體語言與空間知識的影響，有些共同預測因子可以同時解釋兩個母音維度的訓練成效（如語音覺識），而有些預測因子則只能解釋特定母音維度的訓練成效（如空間推理）。這些結果為超音波生物反饋提供了臨床和教學應用上的建議，包含訓練目標的選擇、提升訓練成效的方法以及訓練成效的篩選測試。此外，訓練成效和個體語言與空間知識之間的關係也提供語言產出相關理論更多元的證據。

關鍵字

超音波生物反饋 ； 母音維度 ； 空間推理 ； 語音覺識 ； 音韻覺識 ； 體感覺敏銳度 ； 語言產出變異性

並列摘要

While ultrasound biofeedback is an effective training method for speech therapy and second language (L2) pronunciation teaching, a wide range of individual variation in response to the training was reported. Recent studies showed that several factors have effects on the training response, including individual's linguistic capacity and differences of training targets. However, it remains unclear about the influence of vowel differences on the training effect, and the interaction between individual's abilities and training targets. The current study investigates the ultrasound biofeedback training effect in different vowel dimensions and the relationship between individual's abilities and the training effect in the different vowel dimensions. Twenty-eight Taiwan Mandarin speakers were trained with Cantonese /ɐ/ and Japanese /ɯ/ using ultrasound biofeedback for twenty minutes each. Cantonese /ɐ/ and Japanese /ɯ/ differ with their closest Mandarin counterparts in vowel height and frontness, respectively. Thus, training on these vowels helps with obtaining outcome of training in different vowel dimensions. As for individual's abilities, the current study assessed four previously proposed predictors, i.e., phonetic awareness, phonological awareness, somatosensory acuity, and production variability, and one newly proposed predictor -- spatial reasoning. The results showed that a significant difference was found between the training effect of vowel height and frontness, where the training effect of vowel height was greater than that of vowel frontness. As for the influence of individual's linguistic and spatial knowledge, some common predictors could explain the training effect in both vowel dimensions (e.g., phonetic awareness), while some dimension-dependent predictors could explain the training effect only in a certain vowel dimension (e.g., spatial reasoning). These findings provide suggestions on clinical and pedagogical application of ultrasound biofeedback, including the selection of training targets, the methods for magnifying training effect, and the screening test of training effect. In addition, the relationship between the training effect and individual's linguistic and spatial knowledge also provides different evidence for the theoretical framework of speech production.

並列關鍵字

ultrasound biofeedback ； vowel dimension ； spatial reasoning ； phonetic awareness ； phonological awareness ； somatosensory acuity ； production variability

參考文獻

Adler-Bock, M., Bernhardt, B. M., Gick, B., Bacsfalvi, P. (2007). The use of ultrasound in remediation of North American English /r/ in 2 adolescents. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(2), 128–139.

Aliaga-García, C., Mora, J. C. (2009). Assessing the effects of phonetic training on L2 sound perception and production. In O. B. Barbara, S. R. Andreia, A. W. Michael (Eds.) Recent research in second language phonetics/phonology: Perception and production. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Armstrong, C. (2018). Ultrasound Visual Biofeedback and Accent Modification: Effects on Consonant and Vowel Accuracy for Mandarin English Language Learners. Ph.D. thesis, Duquesne University.

Atal, B. S., Chang, J. J., Mathews, M. V., Tukey, J. W. (1978). Inversion of articulatory-to-acoustic transformation in the vocal tract by a computer-sorting technique. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 63(5), 1535–1555.

Bacsfalvi, P. (2010). Attaining the lingual components of /r/ with ultrasound for three adolescents with cochlear implants. Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology Audiology, 34(3), 206–217.