數位勞務平台對於工作者就業不安定性與健康之影響：以計程車司機為例

Precarious employment experiences and occupational safety and health consequences in the platform economy: An interview study of taxi drivers

羅紹文(Shao-Wen Lo)

指導教授 ： 鄭雅文

國立臺灣大學/公共衛生學院/健康政策與管理研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202104397

摘要

背景：近年來數位勞務平台（簡稱平台）快速發展，此類型的工作也被視為新的不安定就業。Uber為討論平台的典型例子，且屬於早期進入我國的平台。Uber於國內產生諸多爭議，並修正《汽車運輸業管理規則》第103-1條法規。我國少有對於平台工作者的職業安全健康的研究，且較少連結就業不安定與職業安全健康的關係。
目的：本研究旨在了解各計程車平台的監督管理機制，及探討數位勞務平台對於司機就業不安定性及健康的影響。
方法：本研究採半結構式的深度訪談，訪談對象為使用平台的全職計程車司機，共18位。訪談分為兩個階段，第一階段於2020年11月至12月訪談多元計程車司機；第二階段則於2021年3月至5月邀請曾經從事過傳統計程車司機，也使用過平台的計程車司機。資料分析利用逐字稿來回比對與歸納。
結果：計程車司機本身為高度就業不安定之職業。研究發現，收入不安全是所有司機的壓力源，而司機收入的不安全、權力關係的脆弱及社會安全保障的缺乏會受到就業不穩定的影響。數位勞務平台介入計程車行業後，平台的監督管理機制可能加劇計程車司機的就業不安定性，包含勞僱關係模糊化、收入不穩定、權力關係不對等及個人安全保障的缺乏。平台所導致的就業不安定性亦會顯現於在職業傷病風險上，特別為收入的不安全對於健康的影響。然而，在司機實際經驗中，平台介入前後的就業不安定及職業傷病風險並沒有明顯的差異，僅評分機制可能會增加司機的心理壓力。在平台計程車司機的態度上，對於平台的監督管理機制，司機部分呈現正向的態度，而對於職業安全健康的風險，司機有將問題個人化的傾向。
結論與建議：數位勞務平台透過監督管理機制可能引起平台計程車司機就業不安定性及健康的問題。我國政府應重新檢視現有的勞動相關政策與職業安全保障措施，以改善平台計程車司機及關注其他平台工作者的職場安全健康。

關鍵字

平台經濟 ； 就業不安定 ； 計程車 ； 職業安全與健康 ； 政策

並列摘要

Background: Digital labor platforms have rapidly expanded. Platform work is considered a new type of precarious employment. Uber is a company typical of the platform economy and a platform introduced early to Taiwan. Uber has caused controversy since its introduction to Taiwan. In response, the Taiwanese government revised Article 103-1 of the Regulations for Automobile Transportation Operators. In Taiwan, few studies have investigated platform workers’ occupational health or the association between precarious employment and occupational health.
Purpose: This study investigated how platform-based management affects taxi drivers’ employment and occupational health risks.
Methods: In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 taxi drivers from a digital platform between November 2020 and May 2021. The research was conducted in two phases. The participants in the first phase only drove taxis for labor platforms. The participants in the second phase also worked as traditional taxi drivers. All interviews were fully transcribed, and qualitative textual analysis was performed.
Results: Taxi drivers’ employment is highly precarious because of employment insecurity. Income instability is a major stressor for taxi drivers. Platform-based management may lead to bogus self-employment, income instability, disempowerment, or a lack of individual security benefits . The resulting risk to occupational health is predictable, especially that caused by income insecurity. Platform drivers’ employment precariousness and occupational health outcomes are similar to those of traditional taxi drivers; however, the emotional labor of platform drivers is affected by star ratings. Some platform drivers expressed a positive attitude toward platform-based management and attributed any occupational health risks to themselves.
Conclusion: Platform drivers face precarious employment and occupational health risks caused by working conditions and platform-based management. Governments should determine whether the regulation of labor and occupational safety and health would be beneficial to platform drivers and understand platform workers’ health and safety.

並列關鍵字

platform economy ； precarious employment ； taxi drivers ； occupational health ； policy

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