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  • 學位論文

需求不確定下雙占廠商行為差別取價與動態訂價策略之均衡分析

Poaching and the Pricing Strategies in a Two-Period Bertrand-Competitive Duopoly under Demand Uncertainty

指導教授 : 周善瑜
共同指導教授 : 陳其美(Chyi-Mei Chen)

摘要


本研究欲探討在新產品市場中,廠商面對消費者資訊不完全時,會如何影響其動態訂價策略,並探討不同的行銷環境下,所適合的訂價方式。我們考慮對稱之雙占廠商,面對市場中可能存在忠誠顧客與游移顧客,進行兩期的價格競爭。透過建立賽局模型的方式,表現出廠商在面臨需求不確定的新產品市場中,其訂價策略有著不同於傳統文獻的策略意涵。 本研究分為兩個模型,第一個模型討論新產品市場中需求不確定的狀況:新產品可能會吸引一群對兩家廠商製造之產品都有興趣的游移顧客,也可能吸引到兩家廠商的潛在忠誠顧客,故本模型所謂的需求的不確定性即是來自新產品市場的顧客結構。我們將焦點放在競爭之雙占廠商的動態訂價策略。本模型表現出訂價策略可以成為資訊學習以及攔截對手資訊的工具。首先,我們提出存在一種均衡是兩家廠商可以透過訂價與時間的經過,逐漸學習市場需求的過程,稱之為顯露均衡;其次,本研究亦提出存在另一種均衡是廠商可透過扭曲價格來達到資訊攔截的目的,稱之為非顯露均衡。探討此兩種均衡下,市場之競爭態勢有何轉變。本模型主要發現如下: (1)新產品市場對消費者結構資訊的不完整給予廠商減緩價格競爭的機會,因而有可能增加了競爭之對稱雙占廠商的利潤。(2)資訊混淆的廠商,在某些市場結構與參數條件下,仍然可能享有較資訊明朗廠商還高的游移顧客市佔率或是期望利潤。(3)當市場僅存在資訊混淆廠商的忠誠顧客與游移顧客,且游移顧客出現的先驗機率很低時,資訊混淆廠商反而比另一廠商有更高的游移顧客市佔率。(4)當游移顧客出現的機率相對忠誠顧客出現的機率或游移顧客出現的機率相對忠誠顧客出現的人口在一適中的範圍下,非顯露均衡較可能存在。(5)非顯露均衡的情況下,資訊明朗的廠商第二期的預期利潤在各種銷售來源皆一定比顯露均衡的高;然而,資訊受到混淆的廠商,第二期的預期利潤在某些銷售來源時卻未必較差。其中當市場存在兩種廠商之忠誠顧客與游移顧客時,兩種廠商的利潤皆較高。 第二個模型延續需求不確定狀況,探討競爭之雙占廠商的兩期行為差別取價策略。本模型表現出在新產品市場中,廠商的訂價策略,須要考慮的不僅是採取低價格以便加速新產品擴散速率,還要考慮所建立的顧客數量會如何影響其未來行為差別取價的效果。此部分探討了當廠商可仰賴顧客資料系統而辨識出新舊顧客,進一步採取行為差別取價時,則對市佔率變化以及其價格動態特性的影響。本模型主要發現如下:(1) 允許廠商第二期能針對新舊顧客差別取價時,會使得廠商第一期的反應函數由策略互補變成策略替代。(2) 當廠商有忠誠顧客時,其在允許差別取價狀況下的第一期定價,越可能高於不允許差別取價狀況下的。即第一期時,廠商沒有忠誠顧客相對有忠誠顧客傾向定低價奪市佔率的效果,會因為加入行為差別取價的能力而強化。(3) 均衡時,不論廠商有無採取行為差別取價,只要其忠誠顧客人數對稱,則各期競爭結果皆均分游移顧客市場;否則,有忠誠顧客的廠商游移顧客的市佔率較低。 (4) 均衡時,採取行為差別取價,放大了不對稱廠商第一期市佔率的差異,但會縮小不對稱廠商第二期市佔率的差異。(5) 均衡時,當市場的顧客結構對稱時,則行為差別取價的加入不影響廠商第一期的定價大小;而若當對手忠誠顧客人數大於自己的,則自身的第一期定價在有行為差別取價時,會高於沒有行為差別取價時的,而對手在有行為差別取價時的定價,會低於沒有行為差別取價時的。

並列摘要


The paper analyzes the optimal dynamic pricing strategies for duopolistic firms with demand uncertainty. We consider a new product market probably consisting of loyal consumers of the two firms and switchers. We build two game-theoretic models where the duopolies compete in prices for two periods. Our models show that under demand uncertainty, the firms’ pricing strategies in the new product market differ from the results of the prior literature. In the first model, we focus on the optimal dynamic pricing strategies for the duopolistic firms. The market information reveals gradually, as time goes by. As a result, the prices differ in the two periods. We show that pricing strategy can be a tool for information learning and signal jamming. The following results are obtained: (1)The firm with inferior information may have higher market share of switchers and expected profit. (2)The demand uncertainty may increase the duopolies’ profits. The purpose of the second model would be to investigate how asymmetric information about the demand state and the opportunity to engage in behavior-based discrimination may affect the duopolistic firms' dynamic pricing behavior and their market share. The following results are obtained: (1)Behavior-based discrimination may alter the strategic complementarity. (2)Behavior-based discrimination is more likely to induce a firm with a loyal base than a firm without a loyal base to price higher in the first period. (3)In the Equilibrium, for the two periods, the two symmetric firms share the half market share; otherwise, a firm without a loyal base have larger market share. (4)In the Equilibrium, behavior-based discrimination enlarges the differences between two firms’ market share in the first period, however, reduces the differences between two firms’ market share in the second period. (5)Compared with the price of no behavior-based discrimination, for the two symmetric firms, the price under behavior-based discrimination remains the same; but for the two asymmetric firms, that price is different in the equilibrium. For the latter case, the price of the firm with a loyal base is lower in the first period.

參考文獻


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