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  • 學位論文

新創產業之募資—以股權式群眾募資為中心

Fundraising for Start-ups—A Research Focusing on Equity Crowdfunding

指導教授 : 王文宇
本文將於2027/12/31開放下載。若您希望在開放下載時收到通知,可將文章加入收藏

摘要


新創產業乃經濟創新成長之原動力,創業之路最艱難的部分莫過於資金的籌措,為鼓勵創新創業,各國政府無不積極祭出促進創業之政策與法令。2008全球金融海嘯過後,由於銀行融資條件趨於嚴格、創投業者的投資趨於保守,新創產業與早期階段募資不易,各類型的群眾募資成為新興的募資管道。本文以股權式群眾募資為研究中心,股權式群眾募資形態上與有價證券的發行類似,都是向公眾進行資金募集。然而與傳統有價證券不同之處在於,股權式群眾募資往往為小額且資金來自更分散的投資大眾,而且著眼拓展新創產業募資管道,則須考量到新創產業人力、資力較不足,不能使其全盤適用證交法,惟網路無遠弗屆,又有匿名性,因此制定相關法令時,投資人保護亦為重要考量議題。我國政府亦推出創櫃板與開放證券商經營股權式募資平台,惟成效有限。因此本文擬藉由比較分析美國、英國比較法,來探討如何精進我國法制。 美國法的部分,原先在《1933美國證券法》規範下,企業發行有價證券公開募集資金,應向證管會申報,以及檢附公開說明書、會計師查核簽證之財務報告,並負有持續公開申報財務業務義務。其平均法遵成本及隨後的定期持續公開成本,實為新創產業所難以負荷。因此為幫助新興產業募資,美國於2015年公布施行《JOBS法案》、《群眾募資監理規範》,主要有三點值得注意:其一,於證交法進行增訂,賦予符合要求的群眾募資,豁免登記的資格。其二,與傳統證券法的要求相比,《群眾募資監理規範》依據發行總額度的高低,而課予寬嚴不同的持續申報義務,並非所有公司的財務報表都須經會計師查核,且一般有價證券發行人需發行季報,惟群眾募資僅需年報,可謂大幅降低新創產業的法遵成本。其三,募資上限的部分,單一發行人在一年內最高可以募資一百萬美元。 英國法的部分,依據《2000年金融服務與市場法》,在英國向公眾發行非上市證券必須經過監管機構核准,只有通過審核批准後才可以公佈公開招募說明書,因此原先英國金融行為監管局對營運投資型群眾募資平台的企業實施許可制度。然而考慮到逐案予以許可相關監管措施,並非長遠之計,也為了統一規範群眾募資活動,英國於2014發佈實施《群眾募資監管規則》。《群眾募資監管規則》有幾點值得注意:其一,將投資人資格從專業投資人放寬成只要投資不超過其投資資產的10%,任何人都可以成為股權型群眾募資的投資者。其二,未特別區分平台與募資公司之責任,其基本所強調的原則乃與客戶溝通投資相關資訊時要合理、清楚、不誤導。其三,同規則並未減輕關於發行的公開說明書責任,惟英國在發行時要求公開說明書,其豁免門檻為10萬歐元,遠低於美國法,故實質上在英國法下之企業反而因為容易豁免,比較不需要負擔會計簽核的財報成本。 反觀我國法制,區分為創櫃板與證券商股權群眾募資平台,分別由櫃買中心依《創櫃板管理辦法》與《證券商經營股權性質群眾募資管理辦法》進行管理。與英美相較,我國傾向由政府出面主導,如櫃買中心設置之創櫃板,或者由政府高度管制之機構來籌設募資平台,如限登記為證券商始能營運股權式群眾募資平台,這樣的規範方式符合我國金管會一貫的防弊思維;然而政府組織或受政府高度管制具金融證照的證券商,往往難以突破其法定業務而有所創新。目前證券商股權式群眾募資的營運狀況並不甚理想,本文嘗試提出可能解決途徑,一為針對創櫃板與群募平台做市場區隔,其二則為健全私募型股權群眾募資之制度,並可考慮引進領投制度。 此外,金管會為了行政效率而將股權式群眾募資列為豁免證券,有背於豁免證券應為低風險證券的原理,且現行《創櫃板管理辦法》以及《證券商股權群募管理辦法》雖然有關於應揭露資訊不得有虛偽或隱匿或足致他人誤信之情事之規定,但卻未指出其違反之效果,將產生規範上之漏洞,不利於投資人之保護。為了股權式群眾募資法制的健全,長遠之計應將股權式群眾募資從豁免證券的範圍排除,而如同《JOBS法案》一般,將股權式群眾募資核定為豁免交易,使其免除申報生效之程序降低其法遵成本,並宜立專章明確揭示股權式群眾募資適用證交法之範圍,其餘細節性、技術性事項遵造《創櫃板管理辦法》或《證券商股權群募辦法》,才是充實法制正當性,並兼顧資本形成與投資人保護之周全方式。另外,現行《金融消費者保護法》有著民間股權式群眾募資平台可以適用,而官方的創櫃板卻沒有的不合理投資人保護漏洞,應予以立法修正;而不管依文義解釋、目的性,《投保法》都應適用於股權式群眾募資,不論創櫃板或證券商群眾募資平台上之投資人都可以走團體訴訟之途徑解決紛爭。

並列摘要


Start-ups are one of the impetus for economic innovation and economic growth. The most difficult part for a start-up is fundraising. To encourage innovation and start-ups, governments around the world have been trying to come up with relevant policies and regulations. After the 2008 global financial crisis, the availability of bank lending was greatly reduced due to stricter credit regulations and collateral requirements. Venture Capital or Angel investment are more careful with their investments and higher-volume early-stage equity is limited. Crowdfunding has hence become an emerging fundraising trend. This thesis focuses on equity crowdfunding, which is very similar to issuance of securities for that they are both ways to raising money from the general public. What is different is that money contributes to crowdfunding is often small amount and comes from diverse sources. With a view to expanding financing ways for start-ups, that start-ups are deficient in human resources and financial resources has to be taken into consideration. Complete application of Securities Law would incur considerable legal compliance costs and consequently impose too huge a burden for start-ups. Yet the anonymity of the vast Internet network should be heeded as fraudulent cases may happen as a result. Therefore, fundraising efficiency and investment protection are equally important issues. The government of Taiwan has come up with GISA and invited securities firms to run equity crowdfunding platforms. However, the outcome is not as good as predicted. This thesis compares the law in Taiwan with the regulations in the U.S. and the U.K., particularly the JOBS Act and concludes with the following suggestions: first, the captital market of GISA and crowdfunding platforms run by securities firm should be differenciated. Secondly, to epitomize equity crowdfunding mechanism in Taiwan, “syndicates” should be formed. Moreover, equity crowdfunding is listed as exempted securities for administrative efficiency consideration; however, this listing is against the nature of exempted securities, which is of low risk. Worsestill, present regulations governing equity crowdfunding in Taiwan fails to point out the result of mispresentation and fraud, which is ill to investor proctection. Thus, this thesis suggests that equity crowdfunding be listed as exempted trade instead of exempted securities. To clarify the extent to which the securities law shall be applied to equity crowdfunding, a specific chapter for equity crowdfunding better be drafted.

參考文獻


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