記憶體製造公司的新成長策略研究

在瞬息萬變下的IT產業中，沒有永遠的第一名。當今的記憶體半導體製造業，是由韓國主宰世界，這是因為韓國從60年代，從美國Commy公司技術導入後，由韓國接力發展，即使當時處在發展不利的條件下，不過在韓國人民努力學習的毅力和政府企業積極投資努力之下，韓國的記憶體半導體才有今天世界第一的成就。記憶體半導體是代表性的投資產業。韓國一開始起步之時，就是向美國和日本半導體取經，當時的先進國家都認為，記憶體半導體產業是需要大規模投資，投資報酬率也不高，製造技術中心的半導體製造投資，是不明智之舉；別人不看好這項產業投資，但是韓國卻是排除萬難，積極地研究開發，最終迎頭趕上美、日兩國技術，成為全世界記憶體半導體製造業的龍頭老大。現在，韓國的記憶體半導體產業，不管是製造或是設計技術，都是全球先驅的指標。如今，有數十個記憶體半導體公司，都已經被淘汰，只剩下美國、日本、德、韓國、台灣等少數幾家大規模的半導體公司。能夠立足在市場上，是因為這些公司不間斷地增加設備投資和技術開發的資金；資金調轉不靈或是沒有技術開發能力的公司，是沒有辦法立足在競爭激烈的市場之中。半導體業主要的市場是PC產業。PC產業，每4~5年，都有一次景氣好壞循環週期。價格持續的低迷所引起的壓力加上半導體製造業者不斷擴大生產線，都使得他們在不景氣之下，資金的週轉力變弱，如何生存也變的非常艱辛。從最近市場趨勢可觀察到，Mobile和數位家電用品等，在半導體市場中，多樣化的被擴大應用。在DRAM分野中，以Flash為名形成的新半導體市場也逐漸成形，比起從前，雖然為半導體開啟了一條光明生機，但是大家競相以低價格競爭，再加上高昂的生產成本，僅讓廠商微薄獲利，半導體市場的競爭，也因此越來越激烈。半導體產業在如此惡劣環境之下，讓這些製造業者，紛紛找尋出路，摸索讓產業成長和生存之道。德國Infenion的 Qimonda，就從記憶體半導體公司被分出來，美國Micron轉從事非半導體產品開發和產品的多樣化；日本Hitachi和恩益禧合併而成的爾必達等，都是提升競爭力而採取合併之手段，這種方式，台灣半導體業者也開始跟進，試圖採用共同投資方式，來強化競爭力。事實上，同業間合縱連橫或是共同投資、JV等，雖然有各式各樣的方法提升競爭力，但是半導體製造業強調產品多樣化，這也是當前半導體業中，最重視的議題之一。記憶體半導體業會因為景氣週期循環，價格出現跌幅，在這樣的壓力下，選擇附加價值高的非記憶體半導體產品，就成了業界最重要的課題。有大規模生產設備和高市場佔有率的韓國記憶體半導體，營業額卻不到以賣非半導體產品的英特爾一半，附加價值差異性由此可見。不管是全球半導體製造業的龍頭老大三星或是世界第三大的海力士，都已經在從事非記憶體半導體的生產或相關準備計畫。作為市場先驅的這兩家大廠，他們未來要朝什麼方向營運下去？在瞬息萬變的環境之中，除了提出解決結構性的問題，本論文重點將聚焦在半導體業中，「新的成長動力」，能否再讓半導體產業持續成長茁壯？並對同業之中其他非記憶體製造業方面，進行現況分析，再進一步針對分析資料，提出記憶體半導體公司的新營運方案。

關鍵字

非記憶體半導體；持續性成長；策略性聯盟

並列摘要

In the IT industry that varies from minute to minute, there is no forever number 1. Today, Korean manufacturers are dominating the memory semiconductor manufacturing. It is because Korea had had technology insertion from American Company – Commy in the 60s’. Afterwards, Korea has continued the technology development. Despite the adverse conditions that were bad for development, Koreans’ perseverance in learning and the Korean Government’s active investment in IT industry have made Korea the number 1 semiconductor memory manufacturer in the world today. Memory semiconductor industry is the representative of venture capital industry. When Korea just got started, it gained experience from both America and Japan. At that time, most highly-advanced countries considered memory semiconductor industry as an industry that required massive investment but had low investment rate of return. It was not such a smart idea to invest in a semiconductor manufacturing technology center. Korea, against all odds, managed to overcome all difficulties and devoted all its energy to research and development. All the hard work had finally paid off – Korea has caught up with both American and Japanese technologies and become the world’s number 1 memory semiconductor manufacturer. Today, Korean memory semiconductor manufacturing has become an index for global precursors in terms of manufacturing and designing skills. Up until now, dozens of memory semiconductor companies had become obsolete. Only a few companies from America, Japan, Germany, Korea and Taiwan still manage to exist in the market. It is because these companies have been increasing capital in buying equipment and technology development. Those that are short on capital or are not capable of technology development do not stand a chance in the competing global market today. The main market for semiconductor industry is PC Industry which has a good & bad prosperity cycle every 4-5 years. The pressures caused by constant low prices, plus semiconductor manufacturers have been continuously increasing the production lines have weakened their working capital turnover. It is now becoming very difficult for them in terms of survival. From the recent market trend we observe, mobile phones and digital household electronic appliances have been applied diversely in the semiconductor market. In DRAM’s demarcation, a new semiconductor market named Flash has slowly started to form. Compare it to the previous markets, although it has cast light on the market, the truth is everyone is competing with low prices, plus the high production costs of the products, the profits for manufacturers are miniscule. The competition in semiconductor market has, therefore, become more and more intense. Under such adverse environment, semiconductor manufacturers started to look for other possibilities, explore new methods for industrial growth and new ways to survive. Qimonda of Infenion, Germany was divided from the memory semiconductor company. Micron , America, readjusted its goals in the development of non semiconductor products and product diversities. Hitach, Japan had a merger with NEC and become Elpida. This is a means to increase its competitiveness. Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturers are starting to follow in their footsteps to increase their competitiveness through mutual investment. Actually, although there are many different ways to increase the competitiveness such as cooperation, mutual investment or JV within the same industry, semiconductor manufactures’ main focus is on product diversities which are the most important issue in this industry. Prices for memory semiconductor industry will fall because of the business cycle. Under such pressure, choosing high valued added non-memory semiconductor products has become the number 1 issue for the entire industry. The turnover of Korean memory semiconductor which is equipped with massive production equipment and high market share is less than half of Intel’s turnover and Intel sells non semiconductor products. The differences between their value added products are obvious. Whether it’s the dominating global semiconductor manufacturer, Samsung or the world’s number 3 semiconductor manufacturer Hyunix, they are either manufacturing non semiconductor products or working on the preparation work for it. As the precursors of this industry, what are their future operational directions? In this ever-changing environment, besides providing with solutions for structural problems, this thesis will focus on: will the “new power for growth“in the semiconductor industry continue to help it grow ? At the meantime, we will be analyzing current conditions of non memory semiconductor manufacturing among semiconductor manufacturers and then provide with new operational suggestions for memory semiconductor manufacturers based on the analyzed data.

並列關鍵字

Non-memory semiconductor ； Sustainable growth ； Strategic alliance

參考文獻

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國際替代計量

記憶體製造公司的新成長策略研究

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