進出口貿易對我國薪資分配的影響

The effect of trade liberalization on wage distribution in Taiwan:1981-2012

高鴻文(Hung-Wen Kao)

指導教授 ： 駱明慶

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/經濟學研究所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2014.03082

摘要

摘 要

對我國這樣的小型開放經濟體來說，對外貿易左右了國家的經濟發展好壞。每當經濟陷入衰退停滯，或是實質薪資出現倒退情形時，執政當局採取的應對方式往往是要拼貿易、拼出口。儘管日常生活中時常聽見關於我國社會貧富差距擴大的討論，但對近年來我國薪資分配的變化情形，以及貿易帶來的薪資分配效果，卻缺乏完整的了解。本文的目的即是提供近30年來我國薪資分配的變化的描述，並且釐清貿易在這其中扮演的角色。
透過長時間個體資料的分析，近年我國薪資分配的變化趨勢大致如下。1980年中產階級的崛起，使中下層薪資差距開始擴大。到了1987年解除進出口與外匯管制 (進口開放) 後，以製造業為主，我國薪資分配明顯改善。2000年後，薪資分配則持續惡化右偏。而貿易在1987年至2000年左右的薪資分配改善中，對薪資分配的影響最為明顯。
藉由市場整合效果，進口開放雖導致紡織成衣、皮革製品等低技術製造業的下游工廠外移，短時間內卻會有利於其上游工廠的出口增加，反而有讓薪資分配改善的效果。經過區分不同期間、不同製造業技術水準、不同性別的迴歸結果的驗證，進口的增加的確在1987年進口開放後，顯著使薪資分配改善，且此薪資分配改善的趨勢應與高學歷者的供給增加無關，貿易是造成這波薪資分配改善最主要的因素。

關鍵字

薪資分配 ； 薪資不均 ； 進口競爭 ； 市場整合 ； 技術溢酬

並列摘要

Abstract

As a small open economy, external trade has great influence on the economic prosperity of Taiwan. Whenever the recession or real wage stagnation occurs, the government often adopts strategies aiming at stimulating export. Although discussions about expanding wage inequality can be easily found on media recent years, we actually know little about the wage inequality trend of Taiwan as well as the distribution effect of trade which might trigger wage inequality. The purpose of this article is to provide a detail description about the wage inequality trend of Taiwan, and explore the role of trade on wage inequality.
Based on the microdata from 1978 to 2012, the wage inequality trend can be divided as follows: In 1980s, the wage gap between middle and lower class widened rapidly. After the removal of import and exchange regulation in 1987, wage gap began to shrink in manufacturing. Since 2000, wage distribution is continuously skewed to the right, and the wage gap between middle and lower class declines. During the entire period, trade (especially import) is clarified as the most important factor affecting wage inequality only to 1987-2002.
By market integration, even if import deregulation had adverse effect on the downstream plants of low-tech manufacturing such as textiles and leather products, it would be beneficial for the upstream plants of low-tech manufacturing. After the offshore migration of downstream plants, the upstream material purchase would gain, leading to export growth of upstream plants and narrowing wage gap. Through comparison of regressions using different subgroups sample, it can be verified that market integration is the most persuasive explanation to explain the wage gap reduction occurred in 1987-2002.

並列關鍵字

wage distribution ； wage inequality ； import competition ； market integration ； skill premium

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