- 學位論文
臺灣田媽媽副業經營推廣政策與農家勞動力配置之關聯性分析─以大型農家調查資料為例
The Analysis of the Relationship Between the Tian-Mama Extension Policy in Taiwan and the Allocation of Farm Labor: A Case Study Using a Large Farm Household Survey
摘要
臺灣農業長期面臨農業勞動力下降、農業就業人口男女比例不均且逐漸高齡化、農業人力出現斷層以及人口外流嚴重等問題。有鑑於此，政府推動「農村再生計劃」來活化農村社區，而田媽媽推廣政策即為農村再生政策的一環。田媽媽是政府在地農特產品的品牌，由農會輔導農家婦女在農閒時組織田媽媽團隊開創副業，希望創造當地就業機會，活化空閒人力從事自家農場外的工作以增加農家收入。以往田媽媽班的文獻多以個案探討為主，分析田媽媽班營運現況及問題，但此類分析往往忽略農會在田媽媽政策所扮演的重要角色，另外探討整體田媽媽政策成效的文獻也為少數。因此，本文將補足以往文獻之不足，探討農會對田媽媽班推廣的成效，並進一步分析田媽媽推廣政策對農家勞動力配置之影響。 本研究首先建構一個合併農會年報和田媽媽班營運的公務資料，以二部模型分析農會與田媽媽班成立和營運期間之關聯性，並進一步區分都市型農會和鄉鎮型農會對田媽媽班營運的影響是否不同。接著本研究建立一個結合田媽媽班營運和農家戶口抽樣調查的合併資料，以工具變數法探討田媽媽班營運與農家勞動力之關聯性，並依都市鄉村、性別、年齡和家中主要經營項目分類，探討田媽媽班營運對各族群勞動力分配的差異。主要實證結果顯示，農會員工組成和經營狀況會影響農會是否協助營運田媽媽班，而針對有協助營運的農會，其員工組成、家政班情形和推廣部投入程度都會影響田媽媽班年營業額。另外，本研究發現鄉村型農會對田媽媽班的影響比都市型農會的影響顯著。農家勞動力配置部份，本文發現若該鄉鎮有營運田媽媽班，農家從事自家農牧業外的工作意願較高，特別是從事受僱農牧業及住宿餐飲業工作。不同族群樣本間，住在鄉村、性別是男性、年齡較大及家中主要種植稻作的農家人口相較於其他族群受到田媽媽班的影響較大。 田媽媽班確實提升從事自家農牧業外工作的意願，所以本研究建議應加強家政班推廣和訓練課程內容，協助有意願的團隊開創副業，創造更多就業機會以提升農家勞動參與率。
並列摘要
One of the long-term problems of agriculture in Taiwan is the lack and aged farm labor supply. To cope with this problem, “Rural Regeneration Program” has been implemented by the government, and Tian-Mama (TM) program is a part of it. The TM organizes farm women to create a unique brand of restaurants that sell food products supplied by farm households in local rural areas. It is believed that the TM program could stimulate work opportunities, and attract family farm members to engage in off-farm work to increase family farm income. This study is not the first to look at the TM policy. Most prior studies conducted a qualitative analysis to examine the factors that are associated with the business operation of a specific TM restaurant. These studies paid little attention to the role of the farmers association in the local area. Moreover, these studies failed to address the effectiveness of the TM program. The primary objective of this study is to understand the extent to which farmers association is associated with the business operation of the TM restaurants. Moreover, this study goes one step further to examine the effectiveness of the TM business operation on family farm labor supply. This study constructs a unique data set that combines the characteristics of the farmers association and the TM administrative profile. Using this dataset, I examine the role of the farmers association and the business operation of the TM restaurants by estimating a two-part fixed effect model. I also conduct a heterogeneity analysis to examine whether the effect of these farmers associations can vary by region. The second part of the analysis is to evaluate the effect of the TM program on family farm labor supply. To reach this research objective, I construct another unique data set which consists of the TM administrative profile and a large family farm survey for multiple years. To cope with the potential endogeneity, I apply the instrumental variable fixed effect approach. In addition to the main analysis, I conduct heterogeneity analyses to examine whether the policy effect can vary by region, gender, age, and the main product of the farm household. I find that the human capital of the staff members and the revenue of the farmers association can affect the establishment of the TM in the local area. Moreover, I find that the farmers association located in the rural areas influences the establishment of the TMs more effectively. In terms of the TM policy on family arm labor supply, I find a significant and positive effect of the TM program on the off-farm work participation of the family farm. The effect is more aggressive for family farms labor engaged in “hired agricultural practice and accommodation and catering work”. Among the samples of different groups, respondents who lived in the rural area, were male, were older, and mainly planted rice on the farm were influenced more by the TM program. The policy implication that can be inferred from this study is straightforward. According to my main finding that the TM policy increases the family farm members to engage more in the off-farm work, I suggest the agricultural agency pay more effort on the extension and training of the home economics courses to family farms. Moreover, the agricultural agency can organize training teams to create sideline businesses.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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