- 學位論文
Vollenweider模式與營養狀態指標評估水庫水質之研究
Vollenweider model and trophic status indicator for reservoir water quality management
摘要
水質指標與水質模式可評估水庫水質營養狀態，台灣環保署使用卡爾森營養狀態指標(CTSI)判斷水庫水質優養化與否。本研究統計台灣環保署1994年至2014年20座主要水庫水質監測資料，以Vollenweider模式與水質指標評估水庫營養狀態。研究目的為:(1)檢討台灣20座水庫優養化限制營養源、(2)比較水質標評估營養狀態之差異，(3) 以暴雨管理模式(SWMM)及Vollenweider模式估算南化水庫污染負荷量與營養狀態、及(4)比較Vollenweider與水質指標評估南化水庫水質營養狀態。此外，水質指標採用OECD、USEPA及Carlson總磷單一營養指標。 研究結果顯示臺灣本島主要20座水庫之約80%之水質氮磷比值大於15，故水質優養化限制營養鹽為總磷。以CTSI為指標時判定水體營養狀態為優養化之比例為31%，相對地以OECD平均值、OECD、USEPA及Carlson總磷單一指標之優養化比例分別為18%、15%、46%、及34%。依南化水庫2009-2014年之水質、水文與土地利用等條件，SWMM模式推估之年平均總磷負荷量為5,603公斤；以Vollenweider模式評估結果顯示水質營養狀態皆屬普養，且前述其他水質指標(CTSI、Carlson單一指標、OECD指標以及OECD平均值)判定結果相似皆為普養。此外，若南化水庫水質總磷達到10μg/L，以Vollenweider模式推估水庫涵容能力，則六年平均值及季平均超越機率之需削減總磷負荷量分別為32%與47%。
並列摘要
Water quality index and water quality models are usually used to demonstrate the trophic states of reservoirs water quality. In Taiwan, the Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) is officially used by Taiwan EPA. The objectives of this study are to understand the trophic states of 20 main Taiwanese reservoirs with different water quality indices and moreover, to compare the results of Vollenweider model and water quality index used in Nanhwa reservoir. The purposes of this study were: (1) to evaluate the limited nutrient of eutrophication for the 20 reservoirs, (2) to compare the differences of various trophic indices, (3) to evaluate the pollution loadings and water quality of Nanhwa reservoir by SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) and Vollenweider model, (4) to compare the trophic states of Nanhwa reservoir by Vollenweider model and trophic indices. Moreover, trophic state index on single parameter of total phosphorus (TP) included Carlson, USEPA, OECD and OECD average. The results show that about 80% of N/P ratios are larger than 15 for the main 20 reservoirs in Taiwan, so that the limited nutrient of eutrophication is phosphorous. The total phosphorous (TP) is suggested as the target water quality for reservoir management. While using the CTSI as the trophic state index, the percentage of eutrophication of the 20 reservoirs is 31%. However, the results are different with other indices. The percentage of eutrophication according to TP is 18%(OECD average TP), 15%(OECD TP), 46% (USEPA TP) , and 34% (Carlson TP), respectively. The validated SWMM model resulted in 5,603 kg-TP/yr pollution loads from Nanhwa reservoir watershed. The results of Vollenweider model also showed that the trophic state of Nanhwa reservoir is mesotrophic state, which is consistent with the results of other indices. If the target TP concentration is set as 10 µg/L for Nanhwa reservoir, 32% and 47% of the TP loads should be reduced respectively, according to the annual average and seasonal average results from Vollenweider model.