以生態心理學觀點閱讀約翰‧繆爾、奧爾多‧利奧波德及瑞秋‧卡森

十九世紀西方國家陷入工業文明的桎梏之中，人類無止境地開發、凌駕、掠奪自然，造成環境的災難。約翰‧繆爾、奧爾多‧利奧波德及瑞秋‧卡森分別寫出《夏日走過山間》、《沙郡年鑑》、《寂靜的春天》等書有關於環境保育、保護，及自然倫理。三本書共同提出一個生態觀念，恰與現代的「生態心理學」不謀而合。生態心理學提倡尋找一種新的心理治療方法，來治療現代人因遠離自然而產生的各種心理症狀。生態心理學呼籲要恢復：(1) 生態潛意識，(2) 生態整體觀，(3) 與自然的直接經驗，(4) 健康的生態心理，(5) 自然倫理，(6) 與自然親近，(7) 質疑工業文化，(8) 與自然互動。生態心理學認為人類是自然的一份子，所以人類要與自然親近、互動。另外，人類要以謙卑的心理去體驗自然之美與自然與生俱來的價值。

關鍵字

生態心理學；潛意識；整體觀；直接經驗；生態心理；自然倫理；與自然親近；工業文化；與自然互動

並列摘要

In the 19th century the Western countries fell in bondages of Industrial culture, and the result is the devastation upon nature by humans’ endless exploitation, domination, and pillage. John Muir, Aldo Leopold, and Rachel Carson respectively had written My First Summer in the Sierra, A Sand County Almanac, and Silent Spring that books concern to the conservation, protection, and ethic idea toward the nature. The books had promoted a basic idea that is compatible with what is so called “Ecopsychology” nowadays. Ecopsychology advocates searching for a new kind of psychology that addresses the sources of madness and the psychic illness of industrial urbanites that occurred from being alienated from nature. Ecopsychology claims the concepts of retrieving: (1) Ecological unconscious, (2) Ecopsychological holism, (3) Direct experiences with nature, (4) Healthy ecological mentality, (5) Ethical responsibility to nature, (6) Healing the alienation from nature, (7) Questioning the industrial culture, and (8) Retrieving the reciprocal relationships with nature. Ecopsychology reveals an eco-philosophy that human being is one part of the nature so that humans have affections toward and have interconnectedness with nature. Besides, humans need to get into the wilderness with humbleness, experience the beauty as well as the intrinsic value of the nature.

並列關鍵字

ecopsychology ； unconscious ； holism ； direct experiences ； mentality ； ethical responsibility ； alienation ； industrial culture ； reciprocity

參考文獻

Buell, Lawrence. Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the U.S. and Beyond. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.