西班牙萊昂大教堂玫瑰窗的藝術

中世紀始於西元476年西羅馬帝國滅亡，約止於15世紀末，此段時間約一千年。當時社會人們幾乎為文盲，但此時期基督宗教藝術興盛，人們可藉由圖像瞭解聖經故事與是非善惡。本文依時間順序提及西班牙中世紀各建築風格，包含前羅馬式建築，羅馬式建築，以及哥德式建築，其中，哥德式建築為中世紀建築藝術的巔峰之作，其特色為垂直高聳、削瘦輕盈，及大量的光線透過彩繪玻璃灑進教堂裡，呈顯五顏六色華美的色彩與光亮，讓人一進教堂，便深刻感受到上帝的偉大與榮美。耶穌是世界的光（約翰福音8:12），同樣地，神的殿堂充滿著光。此外，哥德式大教堂也被稱為「石造的聖經」，人們透過教堂中豐富的圖像藝術作品便可知悉聖經典故，擇善棄惡，深具教寓意義。萊昂大教堂於西元1844年被列為西班牙文化遺產，人稱「美麗的萊昂」與「光之殿堂」，其屬源自法國的輻射狀哥德式風格，將牆壁面積極小化，窗戶面積極大化，該建築的彩繪玻璃共約1800平方公尺，有許多為13、14世紀的原作，為中世紀的彩繪玻璃藝術珍寶。本文亦提及中世紀各風格建築中的窗戶，在羅馬式和哥德式建築中更出現了玫瑰窗。第四章以聖經觀點討論萊昂大教堂三面大玫瑰窗的圖像內涵，以及自圖像裡頭流露之耶穌基督的福音信息。

關鍵字

玫瑰窗；西班牙萊昂大教堂；聖經；中世紀藝術；光；福音

並列摘要

The Middle Ages started in 476 when the Western Roman Empire perished and ended around the late 15th century. This period is about a thousand years. At that time, people were nearly illiterate, but Christian art, which was flourishing, could assist people to understand biblical stories and lessons of good and evil through its images. This study chronologically mentions various architectural styles in Medieval Spain, including pre-Romanesque, Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Among them, Gothic architecture, typified by the León Cathedral which is the subject of this thesis, is the pinnacle of all medieval architectural styles. Its characteristics are height, thinness and weightlessness. Abundant light penetrates into the cathedral through the stained glass, demonstrating gorgeous colors and light. When people enter the cathedral, one could feel the greatness and the glory of God profoundly. Just as Jesus Christ is the light of the world (John 8:12), likewise, the temple of God is full of light. In addition, the Gothic cathedral is called a “Stone Bible” where people could learn the sacred stories via plentiful images and artworks which possess didactic meaning, and people might choose good and abandon evil in their lives. In 1844, León Cathedral was declared as a Cultural Interest in Spain. People call it “Pulchra Leonina” (Beautiful León) or “the House of Light”. This architecture belongs to the Rayonnant style from France, to minimize the surface of walls and maximum the surface of windows, containing nearly 1800 square meters of stained glass. Many are original works from the 13th and 14th century which are the treasures of medieval stained glass art. This study also mentions Spanish windows of various medieval architectural styles. There are even rose windows in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. In Chapter Four, the biblical point of view will be adopted to discuss the meaning of images of the three large rose windows of León Cathedral and the gospel message which is revealed from the images.