聯合國經社文公約工作權保障研究─兼論日台外籍勞工工作條件保障─

工作權的保障並非三言兩語即可概括之，從19世紀社會主義興盛後，逐漸受到重視，亦由自由權逐漸發展出社會權的概念，逐步使人權保障更加完善，使勞工獲得除自由權之外的保障。 1966年12月16日第21屆聯合國大會決議通過《經濟、社會及文化權利國際公約》（International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights，ICESCR），此一公約於1976年1月3日起生效，全世界已有171個國家簽屬加入，乃社會權保障上極為重要之公約。本論文係以《經社文公約》第6條、第7條為主軸，透過研究條文與一般性意見（General Comment）了解工作權與工作條件之保障，並以此標準檢視日本與台灣在工作權與工作條件方面是否有遵照《經社文公約》之規範，並遵守「不歧視原則」使外籍勞工亦享有相同之權利。再者，日本與台灣是否依《經社文公約》第16條、第17條之規定遞交政府報告書。結論發現，日本與台灣皆未重視聯合國經社文委員會（COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS）所提出之結論性意見與建議，造成相同問題不斷重複發生；日本與台灣應更加重視民眾與非政府組織所提交之反論報告書（NGO counterargument report），增加民眾與政府對話之手段、增加民眾對於「人權」的關心等；對於「技能實習生、外籍勞工」之工作權與工作條件方面應給予基本人權保障，並有效落實稽查體制；《勞動事件法》應增加適用範圍，包含安全衛生工作環境、平等升遷、外籍勞工轉換雇主、休假取得困難等可能違反《經社文公約》第6條與第7條之相關保障，保障快速、省時、省力、全面之權利救濟。

關鍵字

經社文公約；最低工資法；勞動事件法；工作權；人權

並列摘要

The protection of the right to work cannot be summarized in a few words in a few words. Since the prosperity of socialism in the 19th century, the right to work has been gradually valued. It has developed from right of freedom to social right, and continue to finalize the protection of human rights for labor to obtain protections apart from the right of freedom. On December 16, 1966, the 21st session of the United Nations General Assembly passed the "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights" (ICESCR), which entered into force on January 3, 1976. 171 countries all over the world have signed and acceded to it, which is an extremely important convention for the protection of social rights. The Thesis herein emphasizes Article 6 and 7 of the Convention, wherein readers realize the protection of working rights and conditions through research on the clauses and General Comments, and with the criteria, readers can check if the government of Japan and R. O. C. have followed the terms and conditions governing working rights and conditions set forth in the Convention and observed the Non-discrimination Principle to give foreign laborers the same rights. Moreover, readers want to know if the government of Japan and R. O. C. have submitted the Government Report pursuant to Article 16 and 17 of the Convention. In the Conclusion, both the governments of Japan and R. O. C. were found to not emphasize on the conclusive opinions and suggestions made by the COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, leading to the same recurring issues. Both governments should emphasize more on the NGO Counterargument Report submitted by the republic and NGO to increase the means of dialogue that the government has with the republic and people's concern about 'human rights'; basic protection of human rights shall be given in relation to the working rights and conditions of 'skilled competent interns, foreign laborers' with an effective implementation of the inspection system; the applicable scope of the “Labor Incident Act” should be extended including protection related with the potential violation of Article 6 and 7 of the Convention regarding safety healthcare in the workplace, fair promotion, foreign laborer’s change of employers and ease of getting leave for rapid, time-saving, labor-saving and comprehensive remedies.