俄羅斯過年歲事及其歷史演變的研究

The Study of the New Year Customs and their Historical Evolution in Russia

張淳恩(Chun-En Chang)

指導教授 ： 馬良文

淡江大學/國際研究學院/俄羅斯研究所碩士班/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2009.00202

摘要

節日的形成過程，是一個民族或國家的歷史文化長期積澱凝聚的過程。因此不同的民族國家，有著截然不同的節日及慶祝方式，節日的產生和其民族的歷史背景有著絕對的關係。也可以說，不同的節日對不同的民族來說，其意義也是大相逕庭的。節日雖屬一門獨立的文化，然其根源來自俄羅斯的傳統民俗，所有的內容與生活乃是分不開的，且皆具有實用的價值。

而過年在目前所知的所有民族中，都佔著節日裡的頭號地位。年節是最基本、也是最核心的節日。因此研究年節在俄羅斯的歷史演變，自然有著重大的意義。而俄羅斯歷史悠久，年節的變化代表的意涵，以及俄國民眾對過年的心態與從前又有何不同，皆是筆者想了解探討的。作為一年當中最重要的節日，年節對於俄羅斯人民對自身民族文化的認同，起著關鍵性的作用，對於經濟的提升也有著一定的影響性。
目前國內尚無探討俄羅斯年節背景及其演變過程的專書，因此筆者首先以傳統節日的文化理論著手，且以文獻參考法為主，部分實地調查為輔。運用蒐集之俄國、台灣、大陸、美國之資料，與部分俄羅斯實地觀察之記錄，予以整理、分析。本論文共計六章，第一章為緒論，說明本文的研究動機、目的、方法、範圍、限制，並在文獻回顧指出前人在相似題目的研究狀況；第二章則探討傳統農民社會的新年過節方式與其代表意義，另有聖誕節與送冬節的探討；第三章則就莫斯科王國與俄國帝國時代的新年慶祝方式來研究；第四章則進入到蘇聯時代，蘇聯時代的整個政治體制皆與先前大不相同，連帶的也對節日有相當大的影響；第五章則是蘇聯解體後，新年節日在當代俄羅斯的意義，並探討節日文化與民族認同間的相互關係；第六章提出結論。

關鍵字

俄羅斯 ； 節日 ； 新年 ； 風俗 ； 儀式

並列摘要

Holiday is a core element of culture. Its historical transformations closely follows
the main stages of culture’s historical development. That is why holidays, both
traditional and modern, reflects virtually all aspects of cultural heritage as well as the
ideological system and the policy of state. In spite of differences between the system
of holidays in various cultural traditions, there is some general pattern which reveals
universal patterns of cultural practice. The comparative study of festivities amon
different tribes and nations can disclose the nature of human culture in general and its
main lines of historical development. This study’s main goal is the analysis of
traditional New Year celebrations.
The New Year is the most basic and ancient festival, which served as a prototype
for other holidays within an annual circle. So the study of the New Year Customs and
their Historical Evolution in Russia is especially revealing for the understanding of
the nature of holiday. New Year celebration gave a particularly long history, they have undergone important transformations and so testify to the main stages of the history of
Russian society and the mentally of Russian people in past and present. These
transformations also constitute one of the main subject of study.
There are no comprehensive studies and collection of ethnographical sources on
New Year Customs and their historical evolution in Russia. Still, it is possible to mark
out four main stages of their development: the ancient period when festivals were part
of the primitive agrarian religion, New Year festivities as a part of the pre-modern
urban culture, the modern period (coinciding with the Communist rule) and New Year
festivities after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The study is based mostly on
Russian historical sources and materials collected by the author in Russia, including
some field study. An extensive literature from Russia , Taiwan, China and USA has
also been consulted.
This thesis consists of six chapters. The first chapter contains theoretical
introduction explaining the research motivation, purpose, method, scope and
limitations of study. The author offers the review and initial analysis of primary
sources and literature as well as the chief results of the study. The second chapter is
dedicated to the comprehensive analysis of New Year festivities in traditional Russian
village with a special emphasis on Christmas and Maslenitsa customs. The third
chapter deals with the New Year celebrations in Russian Empire period and is focused
mostly on official ceremonies and New Year activities of the urban population. The
fourth chapter describes the change of festivals’ status in the Soviet time and major
innovations in festivities. During this period the festivals have become the object of
ideological policy. The fifth chapter containa an analysis of the New Year’s place in
modern Russia’s social life. The sixth chapter features the main conclusions of the
study.

並列關鍵字

Russian ； festival ； holiday ； New Year ； custom ； ceremony

參考文獻

41賀允宜著。俄國史。三民書局 ，2004年。

43董芳苑。原始宗教。台北：久大文化股份有限公司，1991年。

4. Документы истории

1. Sokolov, Y. Russian Folklore .,1971.

Thurston, Robert W.,