- 學位論文
從中共農村土地產權政策看三農問題
Looks at three agricultural questions from the Chinese Communist Party countryside land property right policy
摘要
中國這一個歷史悠久的國家，是一個擁有了13億人口的大國，農民人口數佔了7億多人。但是，對於這些佔了總人口數近52%的中國農民而言，長期以來卻是得不到中國共產黨或國務院任何政策的實際輔助，而在中國，農村問題如果沒有解決好就等於沒有解決好中國經濟問題，而要解決好農村問題首先，就是要把老百姓的利益放在心上。 土地制度乃是一個國家的最根本制度。中共強加給其國人的現行土地制度，雖然比毛澤東時代的全盤黨有化是有所進步，但仍然是畸形而模糊的公私不分，而這個公私不分也就恰好是最有利於權貴階層的既得利益的最大化。它的「公」，讓官權擁有任意處置權，也就是任意侵害國民權益的權力；而它的「私」，讓權貴們的暴富名正言順。 在嚴重損害民間權益之外，這種土地制度也是農民脫貧和農村穩定的大障礙。在 2005年的八萬多起官民衝突事件，大部份是發生在最基層的鄉村，衝突的誘因又大部份集中於土地權益糾紛。甚至可以說，國土制度保護下的強行土地開發，每一天都在製造著官民衝突，在一切講求穩定的表象之下躁動著無數的微觀不穩定。 基本上導致“三農問題”的根源在哪?堜O？就實際操作上，中共當局是採取迴避了“三農問題”的根本問題，“三農問題”的最終根源是中共獨裁統治下的政治制度和社會制度，不改變其制度，列出一大堆改善農村的措施和政策是治標不治本，所以根本不可能從基礎來解決“三農問題”。 中共當局雖然也使用相當大的力量在解決農民的問題上，但是幫助及成效都相當有限，甚至和整體經濟發展相比，仍有不足之處，而中共在所謂經濟改革施政的目標上，長期以來就一直是採取「重工商輕農業」、「重城市輕農村」的經濟策略，農業在整體基本建設投資中所占的比重一向不高，但是在改革開放之前，為了要解決因人口暴增而產生嚴重的糧食壓力問題，中共當局雖然也一直在調整相關的土地政策，不但要維持農產品的量以維持人民食物來源，另一方面也是要提高土地利用價值，也希望使中國農民的收入也能有所提高，但在諸多現實面的條件因素下，中共的土地政策也一直沒有使中國農民的生活環境有所提昇，反而創造了一個新名詞、這名詞更也是一個的新現象，這也就是所謂的「三農問題」。 中國大陸是目前世界每人平均耕地面積最少的國家之一，人均耕地只有0.106公頃相當於世界人均耕地的44%。對農業政策的決策者而言，農村土地改革政策的核心，基本上是為解決糧食問題。中共為確保其農業穩定增產糧食之目標，嚴格的耕地保護措施與管理制度，對中國大陸未來而言絕對是極為重要的農業政策。否則跟隨著中國社會以工業化與城市化的發展，必然會損害到農業的基礎，更進一步的限制中國大陸邁向現代化的進程。本文目的即在探討中共土地政策之變革，並提出適當建言讓大陸農業能夠採取一種現代化、規模化的經營方式。並且希望利用將土地私有化的手段，促成大陸農業的現代化，在實現農業現代化的過程中，有效來釋放農村的剩餘勞動力、提升農民收入，以解決大陸目前的三農問題。
並列摘要
The Chinese this history glorious country, was one has 1,300,000,000 population great nations, the farmer population has occupied more than 700,000,000 people. But, occupied the total population nearly 52% China farmer speaking of these, since long ago was actually cannot obtain Communist Party of China or the State Council any policy actual assistance, but in China, countryside question if has not solved well were equal to has not solved the good Chinese economic problem, but had to solve the good countryside problem first, is must place common people's benefit on the heart. The land system is a national most basic system. The Chinese Communist Party imposes on its people's present land system, although overall the party has compared to the Mao Zedong time melts has progresses, but still was abnormal and fuzzy making no distinction between what one's own and what belongs to the public, but this makes no distinction between what one's own and what belongs to the public also exactly is most advantageous to the powerful official social stratum vested interest maximization. It male, lets the government authority have the random right of disposal, also is violates the national rights and interests willfully the authority; But it private , lets the powerful official sudden wealth be perfectly justifiable. Outside the serious harm folk rights and interests, this kind of land system also is the farmer escapes from poverty with the countryside stable big barrier. In 2005 more than 80,000 officials and people conflict event, the major part is occurs in the most basic unit village, the conflict cause major part concentrates in the land rights and interests dispute. Even may say that, under the national territory system protection the land development, every one day all is making the officials and people to conflict forcefully, emphasizes under the stable representation in all to move restlessly innumerably microscopic is being unstable. Basically causes three agricultural questions root in where? On the actual operation in, Chinese Communist Party authority is adopted has avoided three agricultural questions the basic question, three agricultural questions the final root was under the Chinese Communist Party dictatorship rule political system and the social system, did not change its system, listed a big pile to improve the countryside the measure and the policy is takes stopgap measures does not effect a permanent cure, therefore simply not impossible to solve three agricultural problems from the foundation. Although the Chinese Communist Party authority also uses the quite big strength in solves in farmer's problem, but the help and the result quite are all limited, even and the overall economical development compares, still had the deficiency, but the Chinese Communist Party in the so-called economic reform administration goal, always was since long ago adopted the heavy industry and commerce light agriculture, the heavy city light countryside the economical strategy, the agriculture the proportion which occupied in the whole capital investment always is not high, but before reform and open policy, because in order to had to solve the population storm to increase has the serious grain pressure question, although Chinese Communist Party authority also continuously in adjustment related agrarian policy, not only had to maintain the agricultural product .The quantity maintains people's food to originate, on the other hand also is must enhance the land utilization value, also hoped enables the Chinese farmer's income also to have the enhancement, but in under many realistic surface condition factors, Chinese Communist Party's agrarian policy also enable the Chinese farmer's living conditions to have the promotion, instead has created a new term, this noun also is a new phenomenon, this also is so-called ‘three agricultural questions’. Mainland China is one of present world each human of equally cultivated area least countries, the average per person farming only then 0.106 hectare are equal to the world average person farming 44%.Speaking of the agricultural policy policy-maker, the countryside land reform policy core, basically is for solves the grain problem.The Chinese Communist Party for guarantees goal of its agricultural stable production increase grain, the strict farming protective measures and the control system, future speaking of mainland China never to are the extremely important agricultural policies.Otherwise with along with the Chinese society industrialization and the urbanized development, can harm the agriculture inevitably the foundation, the further limits mainland China to advance to modernized the advancement.This article goal namely is discussing transformation the Chinese Communist Party agrarian policy, and proposed states opinion suitably enables the mainland agriculture enough to adopt one kind of modernized, the formalization management way.And the hope use the privatizing ownership of the land method, facilitates the mainland agriculture the modernization, in realizes in the agriculture modernization process, effective releases the countryside the surplus-labor, promotes the farmer to receive, solves the mainland at present three agricultural problem.