論北極議題與俄羅斯之北極戰略

近年來，在氣候暖化與全球化時代背景之下，北極地區逐漸朝向既多元又複雜化的發展，無論是非傳統安全上的氣候、生態汙染、動植物保護等問題，還是自然資源、航道、戰略位置、主權爭端等傳統安全問題，其重要性正日益上升。上述這些問題同時涉及了不同層次與行為體，因此在這樣的框架下，筆者將分成三個主要探討部分: 第一部分先以「分析層次」探討每一個層次中所代表的對象與事物，並利用分析層次中的「全球層次」與「國際層次」介紹本文與定義所用的研究理論，其分別為全球治理、新現實主義以及地緣政治，最後論述近年來北極議題之概況，進而突顯北極的重要性與地位。第二部分將以全球層次框架下的「全球治理」探討北極事務在不同行為機制中的治理對象與事件，進而顯現出北極治理的特性。第三部分則以國際層次框架下的「新現實主義」與「地緣政治」探討俄羅斯北極戰略的發展與實施，以及俄羅斯在北極地區與他國之互動關係，進而整理出俄羅斯在北極的戰略實施結果與挑戰。本文的研究結果為: 本文研究發現，除了北冰洋沿岸國家積極涉入北極地區相關利益與事務之外，許多私部門、第三部門等非政府組織行為者也都以各種方式參與北極治理過程，形成了全球治理的「多層次架構」現象，然而，本文以俄羅斯作為研究對象可以發現到在整體實踐過程中，還是以國家利益作為出發點，並透過自然資源、航道發展、軍事安全在有益於國家安全的考量上意圖控制北極地區，並極力希望鞏固俄羅斯在北極的「大國地位」，希望能夠降低非國家行為者甚至是非北極國家的影響力。因此，當前北極地區發展趨勢，一方面俄羅斯持續增加在北極地區的掌控權；另一方面，雖然北極地區已逐漸朝向全球治理的過程發展，但仍需要經過一段長時間的觀念博弈才能達到治理目標。

關鍵字

北極；北極戰略；俄羅斯；全球治理；新現實主義；地緣政治

並列摘要

This thesis will be divided into three main discussion parts: The first part discusses the objects and things represented in each level with the "analysis level", and then uses the Global Governance, Neorealism and Geopolitics, followed by an overview of the Arctic issues in recent years, and then highlighted the importance and status of the Arctic. The second part explores the governance objects and events of Arctic affairs in different behavioral mechanisms under the "global governance" of the global level framework, and then show the characteristics of Arctic governance. The third part discusses the development and implementation of Russia's Arctic strategy and the relationship between Russia's competition and cooperation in the Arctic with "Neorealism" and "Geopolitics" within the framework of the international level, and then sorts out the results and challenges of Russia's strategy implementation in the Arctic. The conclusions of this thesis are that Russia as the research object, and finds that in the whole process of practice, the national interest is still taken as the starting point. Through natural resources, the North Sea route and military security are beneficial to national security. Considering the intention to control the Arctic region, and eager to consolidate Russia's "great power status" in the Arctic, hope to reduce the influence of non-state actors and even non-Arctic countries. Therefore, on the one hand, the current development trend of the Arctic region is that Russia continues to strengthen its control over the Arctic region; on the other hand, Russia continues to strengthen its control over the Arctic region. On the other hand, although the Arctic has gradually developed toward global governance, it still takes a long time to achieve the governance goals.