複雜衝突環境中的文化構件：知識、覺知，與感受

Building Blocks of Culture in Complex Conflict Environment: Knowledge, Awareness, Sensitivity.

寶米昊(Michal Pawinski)

指導教授 ： 施正權

淡江大學/國際研究學院/國際事務與戰略研究所博士班/博士(2017年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2017.00533

摘要

本文的研究目的是闡述在複雜的衝突環境下，軍隊的思考活動的機制。本文係採取科際整合之研究，透過不同學科的觀點，包括社會心理學(例如，自我決定理論)，文化(例如，跨文化訓練方法)，以及戰略研究等學科，以洞察此機制的內涵。本文核心之處可分為四部分：
一、 呈現如何透過關於最具共同的和所欲的戰士範型的社會化與人格解體，以型塑軍人心態；此外，本文亦會探討負面的表現，例如民族優越感、偏見、內團體偏誤，以及在兵力部署期間文化衝擊的經歷。
二、 聚焦以越戰與伊拉克、阿富汗的反叛亂作戰的案例研究，進行軍人心態如何在衝突環境運作的批判性分析。
三、 探討負面的心態如何透過自我改善，例如藉由社會化過程與跨文化訓練等方式，而獲得緩解。
四、 本文特別關注地探討一向被忽視的議題─在衝突環境中，恐懼的作用。
五、 分析社會科學研究者的角色、能發揮如何減少戰爭恐懼，以及使軍人的心態能適應文化疏離的作戰地主國。
最後，本文認為，透過量化的科際整合，以及整體性的研究，可以減緩本研究發現的數項不足之處。同時，本文亦提出可能的解決方案與模式。

關鍵字

军事文化 ； 跨文化关系 ； 平叛 ； 科際整 ； 整全觀

並列摘要

Abstract:

The purpose of the Ph.D. dissertation is to elaborate on the working mechanisms behind the military thinking about complex conflict environments. The thesis is an interdisciplinary research endeavor that takes the insights from various disciplines, including social psychology (e.g. Self-Determination Theory), cultural (Intercultural Training methods), and strategic studies. Several core segments can be distinguished: first, it is presented how the military mindset is established through socialization and depersonalization toward most common and desired warrior prototype; negative outcomes of this process are discussed, for e.g. ethnocentrism, prejudice, in-group bias, and experience of culture shock during deployments; second part focus on a critical analysis of the military mindset functioning in conflict environments based on case studies of Vietnam War and counterinsurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan; third, how the negative aspects of the mindset can be mitigated through self-improvements, for instance, changing the socialization process toward higher self-complexity and intercultural training; fourth, the neglected topic of emotions is discussed with particular attention on the role of fear in conflict environments; fifth; what is the role of social scientists and what they can do to reduce the horrors of wars and allow the military mindset to adapt to culturally distant host societies. Conclusion: the dissertation identified several gaps that could be mitigated through quantitative interdisciplinary and holistic research; potential solutions and models are proposed.

並列關鍵字

Military culture ； Military mindset ； Intercultural relations ； Counterinsurgency ； Interdisciplinarity ； Complex Systems ； Holism

參考文獻

Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Choice. Global Domination or Global Leadership. New York: Basic Books, 2005.

Books and chapters

Alexander, Jeffrey C. “Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma.” In Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, ed. Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ron Eyerman, Bernhard Giesen, Neil J. Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka, 1-30. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Alexander, Jeffrey C., Ron Eyerman, Bernhard Giesen, Niel J. Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Allen, Joe. Vietnam: The (Last) War the U.S. Lost. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008.