論胡錦濤時期中共文化軟實力的建設與發展

On Chinese Communist's Party Cultural Soft Power Construction and Development In Hu Jintao Era

李靜君(Ching-Chun Li)

指導教授 ： 趙春山

淡江大學/國際研究學院/中國大陸研究所碩士在職專班/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2013.00516

摘要

軟實力於1990年由美國學者約瑟夫•奈伊提出，認為軟實力是一種透過吸引力而非威逼利誘達到目的的吸引力，其來自一國的文化、政治價值和外交政策。中共則依其國情，發展出「文化軟實力」概念，認為軟實力之所以可以影響民族興衰、國家強盛及人民貧富，係取決於「文化」因素。
中共近年來在經濟全球化及國際政治影響下，已成為政經大國，第四代領導人胡錦濤自2002年接班後，即認知必須實施有計畫性的國家文化軟實力作為，才能有效提升其綜合國力，同時消弭「中國威脅論」及「中國責任論」等負面言論。
胡錦濤執政時期，特別將文化軟實力提升至戰略階層，傾國家資源透過運用電視、電影、廣播、漢語推廣及文化互訪活動等靈活的途徑與手段，同時在國內、兩岸間及國際間企圖改善既有劣勢，創造未來優勢。惟囿於欠缺完善的政策與配套，無法整合文化單位團體，發揮最大效能，再加上文化全球化之威脅，及自我文化保護與文化創新弱化等因素，導致中共政府建設文化軟實力無法達到預期的目標與成效。
鑑於中共運用「文化軟實力」已逐漸在國際社會展現成效，未來成為具關鍵性影響力大國已指日可待，屆時對我國政治、經濟各層面之安全影響至鉅，因此希望藉由本文的探討，深入了解中共建設與發展「文化軟實力」的方法、成效、問題與未來可能面對之挑戰，進而亟思在面對2013年中共第五代領導人習近平上任後，我國應有的因應作為。

關鍵字

軟實力 ； 文化軟實力 ； 胡錦濤時期 ； 巧實力

並列摘要

In 1990, soft power proposed by the American scholar, Joseph S Nye, suggested that soft power can achieve attraction by valuing a country's culture, politics and foreign policy, rather than by using coercion to achieve the goal of attraction. Communist China has developed the concept of “cultural soft power” in accordance with its national status, and considered soft power to influence the rise of our ethnicity, the strength of our country, and the wealth of our people. Moreover, this soft power is based on the 'cultural' factors.
Under the influence of economic globalization and international politics, Communist China has become a political and economic strong nation in recent years. Since the fourth-generation leader, Mr. Hu Jintao, became the President of China, he has recognized the importance of systematically implementing national cultural soft power in order to effectively promote the strength of the nation. In so doing, implementation of cultural soft power can simultaneously diminish the negative arguments of viewing China as a threat and Chinese responsibility as a nation in the whole world.
During President Hu Jintao’s era, soft power was particularly promoted as a national strategy by investing national resources such as the use of television, motion pictures, radio, the promotion of Chinese language, and cultural exchange as flexible means to achieve its global competitiveness from the status of inferiority to superiority within China, cross-strait nations, and the international community. However, due to the lack of proper and relevant policies, the Chinese government was not successful in coordinating various cultural organizations, and thus failed to maximize the optimal outcomes of soft power. In addition, the impact of cultural globalization, the protection of the nation’s own culture, and the weak creativity of cultural innovations have caused the Chinese government to fail to achieve the goal of establishing cultural soft power and its outcomes.
Because Communist China’s cultural soft power has gradually come into effect among the international community, it is assumed that China will become an influential country in the near future. At that time, the impact of Chinese cultural soft power will influence Taiwan’s political and economic development to a great extent. Therefore, based on our investigation of Chinese cultural soft power, the study aims to understand the methods, effects, potential problems, and challenges faced by the Chinese government. Furthermore, the findings of the study can help the Taiwanese government successfully deal with the complexity of the issue especially after the fifth-generation leader, Mr. Xi Jin-Ping, has become the President of China in 2013.

並列關鍵字

Soft Power ； Cultural Soft Power ； Hu Jintao Era ； Smart Power

參考文獻

杭亭頓著、黃裕美譯，《文明衝突與世界秩序的重建》（臺北：聯經出版社，2006年3月），頁5-6。

徐蕙萍 徐亞萍，〈中共在海外遍設「孔子學院」初探—從文化間傳播角度觀察〉，《復興崗學報》，2008年92 期，頁277。

徐蕙萍，〈中共突破國際輿論環境拓展 傳播管道作法探析〉，《復興崗學報》，2012年100期，頁212。

徐蕙萍，〈「胡六點」宣佈後中共對台的宣傳策略與作用（2008 年至 2009 年）〉，《復興崗學報97 期》，頁105。

廖箴，〈兩岸海外漢學推廣的競與合：以「孔子學院」及「臺灣書院」為例〉，《國家圖書館館刊》，101年第2期，頁115。