自由權公約集會自由之研究-以日本國內法為中心-

「集會自由」屬於自由權之一環，亦為表現自由之一部份。只要生而為人，便應具有此項權利，並承認集會自由權屬於基本人權。「集會自由」一詞，源起於一六九八年英國「權利法案」中受到承認，並表明集會自由之權利，可設想為自然的權利、人的內在，而非由國家權威機構之許可下誕生。而後，隨著時代之演變，「集會自由」之權利於一九六六年之聯合國大會所通過的《公民與政治權利國際公約》中具體條文化，並於《公民與政治權利國際公約》第二十一條規定：「和平集會之權利，應予確認。除依法律之規定，且為民主社會維護國家安全或公共安寧、公共秩序、維持公共衛生或風化、或保障他人權利自由所必要者外，不得限制此種權利之行使」。史考特•卡爾森更於二O O三年出版之著書中呼籲，應正確地認識集會自由之權利，並要求締約國於明確的立場下，表明集會自由的權利屬於一項基本人權。本論文將探討於一九六六年之聯合國大會所通過的《公民與政治權利國際公約》第二十一條「集會自由」之保障為研究中心，並透過任擇議定書下的個人通報之案例與解釋引導出集會自由保障之界限範圍。同時對於《日本國憲法》第二十一條保障下的「集會自由」作研究，探討日本對於集會自由保障之方式。本論文之最終目的係透過《公民與政治權利國際公約》與《日本國憲法》對集會自由之規範方式與相關判例作出「集會自由」應具備之保障型態與共同特徵。

關鍵字

公民與政治權利國際公約；自由權公約第二十一條；日本政府報告書；集會自由；日本國憲法第二十一條；個人通報案例

並列摘要

Freedom of assembly is one of the liberties and also one of the ways to have freedom. As humans, we are certainly given this right and admit that the right to freedom of assembly is recognized as a human right. The term, freedom of assembly which legitimates the right of assembly originated from Bill of Right in England in 1698. Not made and permitted by the countries with authority, this right can be regarded as the natural one and people's inherence. Afterward, with the generation change, the right to freedom of assembly was included in the articles of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) adopted in 1966. Furthermore, the article 21 of ICCPR mandates freedom of assembly: "The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others." Moreover, in Scott Carson's book published in 2003, he claimed that we should know the right to freedom of assembly correctly and with a distinct standpoint, signatories should state clearly that the right to freedom of association is recognized as a human right. The present study will discuss the protection of the right to freedom of assembly in the article 21 of ICCPR recognized by The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1966 as the emphasis. In addition, according to the cases and interpretation of the personal reports in the optional protocol, the study concludes the range and limitation of the protection of the right to freedom of assembly. Also, the study researches the right to freedom of assembly in the article 21 of The Constitution of Japan to discuss the way of protecting the right to freedom of assembly in Japan. Finally, based on how to determine the related norms in ICCPR and The Constitution of Japan, the aim of the study is to explore the required form of protection and the common features of the freedom of assembly.

並列關鍵字

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ； Freedom of Assembly ； Article 21 of the ICCPR ； Periodic Report of the Government of Japan ； Article 21 of Japan Constitution

參考文獻

1. 陳淑嫥（2009）＜國際法上「禁止酷刑及非人道待遇」之研究－以日本被拘禁者人權保障為中心＞，淡江碩士論文。

2. 曾奕凱（2008）＜自由權公約媒體表現自由之研究－與日、台憲法解釋之關係＞，淡江碩士論文。

1. Marc J. Bossuyt（1987）, Guide to the "travaux preparatoires" of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Press

2. Manfred Nowak（1993）, UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : CCPR Commentary N.P. Engel, Kehl

3. Sarah Joseph（2005）”The international covenant on civil and political rights: cases, materials, and commentary”

國際替代計量

自由權公約集會自由之研究-以日本國內法為中心-

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