從社會建構主義觀點解析台灣的海洋安全戰略

2000年民進黨第一次執政，開始積極推動「海洋立國」為主軸的國家施政方向。分別於2001年行政院海洋事務委員會即公布我國第一本《海洋白皮書》闡明台灣是一個「海洋國家」，之後陸續於2004年公布〈海洋政策綱領〉，2006年「國家安全會議」公布我國第一本《國家安全報告2006》，以及行政院海洋事務委員會公布第二本《海洋政策白皮書2006》。自2008年由國民黨執政，提出「藍色革命、海洋興國」的口號，以及2016年民進黨再度執政，於2019年通過〈海洋基本法〉，並於2020年第二任任期時公布我國第三本《海洋政策白皮書》。從民進黨政府推動海洋國家開始，經過二次政黨輪替後，民進黨政府再次積極推動「海洋國家」政策。然從兩黨之間對於海洋事務推動的積極性差別，可以看得出我國對於海洋事務的推動上，政黨「統獨」意識形態具有相當大的影響力。使得台灣在海洋事務的推動上，缺乏以客觀的角度分析影響台灣國家安全的因素。盡管兩黨的施政理念不盡相同，但有一個共通點就是國家安全僅專注在中國大陸的威脅，卻忽略位於東海釣魚台列嶼與南海太平島領土主權、領海的安全，以及台灣周邊海域專屬經濟區的海洋權益維護。因此，本論文即針對台灣當前所面臨的海洋安全困境，運用整合國際關係與戰略研究理論，從事實面、影響面、發展面、戰略面及執行面5個思考面向，解析海洋對台灣的影響、影響台灣海洋安全戰略的內、外在環境因素及台灣國家安全的選擇。提出台灣的內在身分屬性是海洋國家的身分，面對中國大陸與美國在西太平洋的權力平衡對抗下，台灣的海洋安全戰略目標為建構成為中、美權力平衡的砝碼，以獲取台灣的自主權。

關鍵字

國家安全戰略；海洋戰略；海洋安全戰略；海軍戰略；海洋政策

並列摘要

After the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) came to power for the first time in 2000, “building the nation on the oceanic basis” became one of the main themes of national policies. The Ocean Affairs Council (OAC) of the Executive Yuan published Taiwan’s first Ocean White Paper clearly stating that Taiwan is an ocean state in 2001. Later in 2004, the Guidelines for Ocean Policies were published. In 2006, the National Security Council published Taiwan’s first National Security Report. The OAC also published the second Ocean Policy White Paper the same year. The Kuomintang (KMT) won the Presidential election again in 2008, and the slogan “blue revolution, the ocean-facilitated national development” was announced. The DPP came to power for the second time in 2016, and the Ocean Basic Act was passed in 2019. The DPP also published the third Ocean Policy White Paper in 2020. There have been two ruling party alternations since DPP’s “ocean state” declaration, and the DPP is again promoting the “ocean state” policies. However, judging from the differences between the aggressiveness of the two parties, it is clear that the ideology of “independence” or “unification” has considerable influences on the promotion of ocean affairs. As a result, Taiwan’s promotion of ocean affairs lacks a thorough and objective analysis of factors affecting its national security. Although the KMT and DPP have different philosophies of governance, they do share one thing in common, i.e., they both focus national security efforts on threats from China, while ignoring the sovereignty and territorial seas of the Diaoyutai Islands in the East China Sea and the Taiping Island in the South China Sea, as well as the protection of maritime rights in the Exclusive Economic Zones in Taiwan’s surrounding waters. Therefore, this thesis concentrates on the dilemma that Taiwan is currently facing, using integrated theories of international relations and strategic studies, and analyzes the influences of the ocean to Taiwan, the internal and external factors affecting Taiwan’s maritime security strategy, and Taiwan’s national security options from different aspects such as related facts, influences, future development, strategies, and execution. This thesis suggests that since Taiwan is a true ocean state by nature and identity, while facing the balance of power confrontation between China and the United States in the Western Pacific, Taiwan’s maritime security objective should be to become a counterweight among the balance of power interactions between China and the United States, in order to maintain Taiwan’s freedom of decision-making.