應用ANP於銀行對中小企業授信風險要素之研究

論文提要內容：我國主要之企業型態為中小企業，近年來國內銀行為提高收益率，多將中小企業授信視為授信重點業務項目。目前授信5P原則，以及企業信用5C原則等銀行風險評估要素，經過多年演進後已十分成熟，然而大部分中小企業透明度不足，銀行基於風險控制原則，實際授信時需評估之要素複雜且互有關聯，若只依照授信人員之經驗法則判斷，容易發生誤判及缺乏效率之情形。故本研究依據過去的文獻探討以及資料蒐集，透過專家訪談確認構面及要素之適當性，包含企業概況、負責人、債權確保、還款來源四大構面，以及業界地位、產業景氣、信用紀錄、負責人資歷、負責人財力、擔保品種類、擔保品變現性、保證人財力、營業收入、現金流量十項要素，再運用網路分析程序法（Analytic Network Process, ANP），針對中小企業授信風險評估要素做出重要性排序，提供銀行作為快速可靠之審核依據。本研究結果顯示，現金流量及營業收入為相對權重最高的前二項因素，惟此二項要素取決於財報之真實性，未來中小企業與金融機構往來時，建議加強財務報表的透明度與資訊之正確性。相對權重最高的前五項因子中，債權確保構面下即包含擔保品變現性，擔保品種類與保證人財力三項要素，代表金融機構經歷多次經濟與天然風暴後，在風險控管上愈發謹慎。建議金融機構目前評估中小企業授信風險時，應將債權確保作為主要的影響因素。

關鍵字

中小企業；授信風險要素； ANP

並列摘要

In our country, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the main types of enterprises. In recent years, in order to increase yields, domestic banks have treated credit granting to SMEs as the primary focus to bank's loans and credit business. At present, the 5P principle of credit granting and the 5C principle of corporate credit, as well as other risk assessment criteria have matured after many years of evolution. However, most SMEs are not transparent enough. Banks, following the principle of risk control, would have to assess complex and often intertwined factors in order to grant credits to SMEs. Misjudgement and inefficiency can easily be introduced into the process, if these assessments are based solely on credit officers' experience. Stemmed from data collection and exploring research in the past literature, as well as consulting with experts to confirm the correctness of various aspects and factors in assessment, It includes four major aspects, namely, company profile, responsible person, creditor's guarantee, repayment source, and ten elements, including industry status, industry prosperity, credit history, responsible person qualifications, responsible person's financial resources, guarantee varieties, and collateral. Liquidity, guarantor financial resources, operating income, cash flow. this study employs the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to arrange the risk analysis criteria of credit granting in the order of importance, in hope to provide banks with a fast and reliable basis for credit reviews. The results of this study show that cash flow and operating income should be two of the most heavily weighted factors in the overall assessment, but they entirely depend on the authenticity of company's financial report. So when SMEs interact with financial institutions in the future, it is of utmost importance to ensure they provide transparency on their financial statements, and verification on their financial data. Among the top five most important factors, ensuring a debt is claimable - includes looking at collateral's liquidity, categorization, as well as guarantor's financial ability - represents the growing cautiousness of the financial institutions on risk management, after weathering many economics and natural storms. This study recommends that financial institutions, when assessing the risk of granting credits to SMEs, should consider lien as the deciding factor.