- 學位論文
明清家訓中家庭教育方法之研究
The Study on the Family Education of Family Instruction of the Ming and Qing Dynasty
摘要
我國歷代都極重視家族經營與家庭教育，而「家訓」乃「治家立身之言，用以垂訓子孫」，是家庭教育的具體表現。這些獨特的家訓類文獻，是家族長輩濃縮其豐富的人生經驗，立言以訓誡子孫，成為規範家人言行、處理家庭事務的一種準則，並用之以謀求家族的永續經營與發展。 傳統的家訓，是注重家國一體的家庭教育，對於個人、家庭、社會、國家影響極為深刻。今日社會多數為小家庭型態，加以社會風氣與價值觀丕變，家庭教育功能不彰，社會亂象層出不窮，故傳統的道德品格教育重新被重視，「家訓」正是傳統道德教育的最佳體現。而明清時期為家訓的繁榮發展期，本論文於是嘗試探討分析明清家訓中有關家庭教育的內容，期望能對現今教育有所貢獻。 本論文的內容大致如下： 首章為緒論，除了「研究動機與論題說明」、「相關研究概況」外，尚有「家訓的定義與來源發展」、「傳統家庭教育與家訓之關係」等項，將全篇論題做一概略性介紹。 第二章到第四章介紹及分析明清家訓中家庭教育的方法。 第二章分析整理明清家訓中關於「修身」、「處世」、「戒慎」的內容。其中「修身」分為「立定志向」、「精勤讀書」、「慎獨自省」三小節；「處世」分為「謹言慎行」、「謙讓寬厚」、「敦睦族誼」來討論；「戒慎」則區分「戒賭酒」、「戒淫樂」、「戒爭訟」、「慎交友」四小節。 第三章分析明清家訓中對於「立業治生」、「家庭倫常」、「家務原則」的觀念看法。「立業治生」分耕讀、工商、其他三類；「家庭倫常」探討「盡孝道」、「友兄弟」、「宜夫婦」三種人倫關係；「家務原則」分為「田產管理」、「倡導勤儉」、「婚姻與喪葬」三者。 第四章分析明清家訓中「教化子弟」、「教導為清官」、「教導為良民」的方法。「教化子弟」從「胎教蒙養」、「選聘良師」、「提倡興學獎勵讀書」三方面討論；「教導為清官」分為「居官之要」與「清廉守紀」。「教導為良民」以「完糧納稅」、「守法不要結盟」諸項來探討。 第五章為結論，總結前文，並論述家訓對今日教育的重要意義。 能完成本論文，最要感謝吳師哲夫不厭其煩的指導，此五章初成，多有疏漏，尚祈先進不吝指正。
並列摘要
There has been a long history in the Family Instruction in ancient China. The family management and family education have been greatly emphasized throughout the Chinese history, and “Family Instruction” is the concrete representation of the “words of family foundation and personal individualization” as the teachings of the descendants. The collection of unique family teachings is what the family elders condensed their rich life experiences into and what they put into words to become the criterion for disciplining the behaviors of family members and for dealing with family affairs in pursuit of the sustainable management and development of the family. The traditional Family Instruction, the family education with an emphasis on the unity of the family and the country, has a profound influence on individuals, the family, the society, and the country. A majority of families in modern society are the “small family” type, and hence, what with the transformed social practices and values, what with the malfunction of family education and what with the frequent social disorders, the traditional ethical education has been revalued. And Family Instruction is the best revelation of the traditional moral education. Because the Ming and Qing Dynasty is the period of prosperity and development for Family Instruction, this thesis will try to analyze the contents related to family education in Family Instruction of the Ming and Qing Dynasty with the view to making some contribution to modern education. The following are the contents of the thesis: The first chapter is the introduction. On top of “research motivation and thesis explanation”, and “relevant research generation”, this chapter includes “the definition of family instruction and the form of origins”, “the development of branches of family instruction”, and “the relationship between the traditional family education and family instruction”, as the generalization of the topics in this thesis. From the second chapter to the fourth chapter, there is the introduction and analysis of the methods of the family instruction of the Ming and Qing Dynasty. The second chapter analyzes and lists the contents of “self–study”, “socialization” and “self–discipline”. The “self–study” is divided into the three parts of making resolutions, diligently studying and self–reflection; the “socialization” will discuss separately about careful speech and cautious behavior, toleration and generosity, and the harmonious treatment with people of the same family; “self–discipline” is segmented into the abstinence from gambling and alcohol, the abstinence from sexual indulgence, the abstinence from disputes and the caution in making friends. The third chapter makes an analysis of the concepts about “business-making and living–making”, “family ethics” and “family principles” in the family instruction of the Ming and Qing Dynasty. The “business–making and living–making” is concerned about the three segments of “farming and studying”, “business” and “others.” The “family ethics” talks about the realization of filial piety, harmonious brotherhood and sweet relationship between a couple. The “family principles” is divided into the three parts of the management of farming estate, the promotion of diligence, and the marriage and funeral. The fourth chapter analyzes the methods of “disciplining disciples” and “educating noble officials and good civilians.” The “disciplining disciples” focuses on the three sections of the baby cultivation, the mentor selection and the promotion of school establishment and study encouragement; the “educating noble officials and good civilians” is segmented into the observation of virtues and disciplines, the contribution of produce and taxes, and the law–obedience and the abortion of alliance. The fifth chapter is the conclusion, making a summary of the above–mentioned contents and depicting the significance of family instruction. This thesis can’t be completed without the tireless guidance of my best–respected teacher, Professor Wu. This thesis is the first trial of my study, and any error is open to be corrected.