日本現行「常用漢字」字形探源──以源自中國的「俗字」及日本自創的「簡字」、「國字」為中心──

Discussion the source of Japanese “常用漢字表”----In comparison with the Chinese ”俗字” and Japanese “簡字” and “國字”----

張瓊月(Chiung-Yueh Chang)

指導教授 ： 劉長輝

淡江大學/國際研究學院/亞洲研究所碩士在職專班/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2010.00792

摘要

本論文的研究目的，是希望了解在日本使用的漢字，有哪些字是源出於中國？有哪些字是日本獨創？
因漢字數量繁多，為界定研究範圍，本論文所使用的是日本於1981年公布的「常用漢字表」，與臺灣於1982年公告的「常用國字標準字體表」。研究方法為先比對出兩份字表相同的正字，將之排除後，再使用《漢隸字源》與《宋元以來俗字譜》這兩本屬中國俗、簡字的古籍，以資證明日本「常用漢字表」中，源出於中國的「隸書」、「俗字」有多少字，再將剩餘的字，以其他的中國古文獻佐證其字形源出於中國的「俗字」，最後剩下的即為中國文獻未見的日式「簡字」與「國字」。
研究結果可了解，日本現行的「常用漢字表」，有九成以上的用字是源出於中國，且佔整體八成以上是使用與臺灣「常用國字標準字體表」相同的正字，簡字的使用佔總數近兩成的比率，並多源自中國。由此可知日本自中國所引進的漢字字形，並非只有「正字」，還有相當數量的中國「俗字」，其餘的才是日本自製的「簡字」，與純粹日本自創的漢字──「國字」。
最後另闢章節討論的2010年最新的「常用漢字表」有2,136字，其中新增的196字，只有一個屬日本的「國字」，餘皆為源出於中國的「正字」、「隸書」與「俗字」。藉此可了解在日本使用的漢字確實多來自中國，而漢字的使用，也會因時代變遷，調整字表用字，以符合實際需求。

關鍵字

日本 ； 常用漢字 ； 正字 ； 隸書 ； 俗字 ； 簡字 ； 國字

並列摘要

This thesis is for the purpose of trying to understand the Chinese character which was used in Japan. To know which one of them was came from Chinese. And which one of them was created only by Japan. Because of Chinese character were too many versions, so this thesis was base on “常用漢字表” which was announced in Japan in 1981. And the table” 常用國字標準字體表” which was announced in Taiwan in 1982.We purge the same standard words from both of them firstly, and then base on the two books “漢隸字源” and “宋元以來俗字譜” to ensure that some words on Japanese ”常用漢字表” were from these two books. And used the other books regarding “中國古文獻” to express some of them were form Chinese ” 俗字” .The left ones were belong Japanese “簡字” and “國字” and couldn’t be find from”中國古文獻”
From the evaluation results, we found it has over 90 percent of words were from Chinese. And at least 80 percent of words were the same with the standard word of Taiwan’s ”常用國字標準字體表” .The “簡字” was used nearly 20 percent, and most of them were came from Chinese. As we can know the “漢字字形” which were introduced into Japan form China, not only the standard words, but also a lot of ” 俗字” . The rest of words were “簡字”which self-made by Japan and the pure Japanese Chinese character “國字”.
The final topic regarding the discussion, there are twenty-one thirty-six words on the latest “常用漢字表” which was announced in 2010.The total new words are one hundred ninety-six. And these is only one Japanese Chinese character “國字”, the others were all came from Chinese Standard Words ” 隸書” and ”俗字”. Base on the above data we can understand that most of the Japanese Chinese character was come from China. And all of the used of Japanese Chinese character have changed with the time. It will be necessary to adjust the words on the Japanese Chinese character table to meet the real application.

並列關鍵字

Japanese ； Joyo Kanji ； standard words ； official script ； writes vulgarly character ； simple form character ； kokuji

參考文獻

25.劉復、李家瑞編（1930）《宋元以來俗字譜》，北平：國立中央研究院歷史語言研究所單刋。

1.石田一良（1963）《日本思想史槪論》，東京都：吉川弘文館。

2.大坪併治《日本語8　文字》（東京都：岩波書店，1977年3月29日第1刷）。

3.近世文學史研究會編（1968）《宋元以來俗字譜》，東京：文化書房博文社。

4.白川靜（1984）《字統》，東京都：平凡社。