- 學位論文
不再荒謬？！以荒謬性及精神分析倫理學觀點閱讀亞伯特•卡繆的《異鄉人》
No More Absurdity?! Absurdist and Psychoanalytic-ethic Readings of Albert Camus’s The Stranger
摘要
本文旨在論卡繆之荒謬性(Absurdism)及由佛洛伊德延伸至拉岡之精神分析倫理學觀點探討卡繆小說《異鄉人》中的主人翁莫梭的態度與行為，如何反應其心態，又如何決定其必然走入死亡結局。其中包含：荒謬性的生命態度、超我(superego)與死亡欲流(death drive)表面對抗實則共謀導致神經症(neurosis)傾向的說明、及想像認同造成匱乏的母性大他者(porous m(O)ther)的運作等等議題。 本文共分為三章：首章擬從卡繆角度，論荒謬性與存在主義、虛無主義對自殺、他殺等生命看法之別。此外，亦引入卡繆對莫梭此一荒謬主角的創作說明，藉此釐清卡繆的荒謬論點(Absurdist reasoning)。第二章除簡介佛洛依德潛意識心靈結構，另外分為三部分：首先，說明莫梭過度嚴厲的超我如何形成內在律法(law)，成為支撐罪疚感、邪惡良心、本能克制等心態的源頭。其次，藉佛洛依德對神經症的說明和其著作中所提及之兩神經症個案，探究莫梭與神經症患者之共同處並證明其神經症傾向。最後，藉超越享樂原則(beyond the pleasure principle)，即死亡欲流中，企圖逾越的欲望為莫梭自殺式的受審下一合理註解。第三章延續第二章提及之佛洛依德的精神分析重點，解釋佛洛依德與拉岡專有名詞使用上，概念之異同；並以拉岡之精神分析倫理學中母性大他者 (m(O)ther) 來檢視這位根本不存在的母親對莫梭的影響及其在小說中的重要性。
並列摘要
The thesis centers on Camus’s philosophy of Absurdism, Freud’s and Lacan’s perspectives of the psychoanalytic-ethic readings. It explores how Meursault’s attitude reflects on his mindset and eventually determines his death in The Stranger. The related issues comprise the Absurd outlook on life, the neurotic tendency resulting from covert collusion underneath a superficial confrontation between the superego and the death drive, and a porous m(O)ther being brought into action due to an imaginary identification. The thesis is composed of three chapters. Chapter One differentiates Camus’s philosophy of Absurdism from that of the existential nihilism in light of suicide and homicide. In addition, the key concepts of the birth of Meursault are applied here to clarify Camus’s Absurdist reasoning. Chapter Two offers a brief introduction to Freud’s exploration of the tripartite psyche of the unconscious. Chapter Two is hitherto divided into three parts: firstly, remarks on how an overpowering superego forms the inner law are made here to account for the origin which constantly supports the sense of guilt, bad conscience, and instinctual renunciation. Secondly, Meursault the protagonist is compared to Freud’s two cases of the neurotic patients mentioned in his works to discover the common grounds among them and thereby to prove Meursault’s neurotic tendency. The final part of Chapter Two attempts to make a possible annotation to Meursault’s suicidal attitude in the Assize Court. By linking his attitude to Freud’s “beyond the pleasure principle,” desire for transgression prompted by the death drive is leading Merursault toward death. Chapter Three extends Chapter Two elaborating upon Freud’s main points in light of Lacan’s ethics of psychoanalysis. This chapter centers on common grounds and disparities between Freud’s and Lacan’s use of the psychoanalytic terminologies. Besides, the dead, non-exist m(O)ther’s immense influence on Meursault will be inspected to reveal her significance in the novel.