- 學位論文
有機食物未來：有機農業和食物系統的因果層次分析
Futures of Organic Food : A Causal Layered Analysis of Agroecology and Food Systems
摘要
隨著有越來越多人類生活在城市地區，預計到 2050 年全球人口將達到 100 億，研究全球糧食系統的不同方法來養活世界，並解決不斷上升的貧困和飢餓率，已經成為一個急需探索的領域。但如何追求和實現這些目標的問題，對未來糧食系統採取“生態農業”方法的倡導者認為，未來的農業可以運用文化衍生的智慧和祖傳知識為導向，這些智慧和祖傳知識是經過幾代人在農業中的反複試驗和對地球自然過程的理解而積累起來的。而另一方面，“機械/技術驅動”方法的倡導者則認為，養活世界的解決方案應該來自技術“創新”，例如使用轉基因技術、室內/垂直農業和細胞基底的蛋白質替代品，以及以不會對動物造成傷害的道德性採購。這些不同的願景不僅在未來可以和應該在“哪裡”生產食物方面出現分歧，而且在“應該”如何生產食物的問題上也出現了越來越大的分歧。這些問題導致了“農村”和“城市”、“技術”和“農業生態”、“現代”和“傳統”、“利潤驅動”和“需求驅動”之間的一系列二分法。 本論文主要針對未來糧食系統的農業生態方法和基於技術的方法之間進行比較分析。為了解農業生態學文化衍生實踐及其對全球糧食系統未來的潛在願景，於印度北部農村社區的 Navdanya 農場進行民族誌未來研究，對城市食品生產中的新興技術進行分析，以了解技術驅動的未來願景。再使用因果層次分析進行檢核，以探索為這些不同的方法和對糧食系統未來的願景提供信息的基本隱喻。然後使用情節分析來檢查實施這些不同的糧食未來可能產生的問題，並反映在不同條件下糧食系統未來可能發生的情況。
並列摘要
As humanity will increasingly be living in urban areas in the future and global population is expected to reach ten billion by 2050, the need for examining different approaches to global food systems to feed the world and addressing rising rates of poverty and hunger has become an area in critical need of exploration. But this brings with it the issues of ‘how’ these goals should be pursued and achieved. Advocates of ‘Agroecological’ approaches to the future of food systems believe that farming in the future can be guided by the culturally-derived wisdom and ancestral knowledge accumulated through generations of trial and error in farming and understanding natural processes of the Earth. While on the other side, advocates of ‘Mechanistic/’Technology-driven’ approaches believe that the solutions to feeding the world should come from technological ‘innovations’, such as the use on GMO technologies, indoor/vertical farming, and cell-based protein ‘replacements’, sourced ‘ethically’ without harm to animals. These differing visions present not only a divergence in ‘where’ food can and should be produced in the future, it make apparent a growing divergence in the question of how food ‘should be’ produced. These questions give rise to a series of dichotomies between ‘rural and urban’, ‘Technological’ and ‘Agroecological’, ‘Modern’ and ‘Traditional’, ‘Profit-driven and ‘Needs-Driven’. This thesis has been prepared as a comparative analysis between Agroecological approaches and Technology-based approaches to the future of food systems. Ethnographic Futures Research was conducted at the Navdanya Farm in a rural community in north India as the basis for understanding the culturally-derived practices of Agroecology, and its potential visions for the future of global food systems. An analysis of emerging technologies in urban food production was conducted for providing an understanding of tech-driven visions of the future. These findings are examined using Causal Layered Analysis, to explore the foundational metaphors which inform these divergent approaches and visions to the future of food systems. Scenario Analysis is then used to examine possible futures which may arise from the implementation of these different visions of food futures, and reflect what might be possible for the future of food systems under different conditions.